depota na (mix midterm) Flashcards
Principal Methods Used to Collect Data
observing
interviewing
examining
Preparation Guidelines in Physical Assessment
Preparing Physical Setting or Environment
. Preparing Oneself
Preparing Equipment
Is soft, fine, and short
Helps body maintain a steady temp by providing
insulation
Vellus hair
Functions of Integumentary System
- Protect
- Immunity
- Fluid balance
- Absorption
- Excretion
- Synthesis of Vitamin D
a protective layer on your baby’s skin. It appears as a white, cheese-like substance.
vernix caseosa
Serious illness that causes nail growth to slow or
halt
Beau’s lines (transverse ridges)
Associated with alopecia areata, fungal
infections( pal-ak)
Patchy Alopecia
Usually caused by endocrine disorders or medication such as steroids
Hair in male patterns in female (excess facial or
trunk hair)
Hirsutism
in front of the ear lymph node
periauricular
behind ear; superficial to mastoid process lymph node
postauricular
base of the skull lymph node
occipital
angle of the mandible
tonsillar
between angle & tip of mandible
submandibular
behind tip of mandible
submental
superficially along the sternocleidomastoid
Superficial Cervical
abored breathing/ difficulty in
breathing
dyspnea
TRUE OR FALSE
Lymphatic tissue is smallest in childhood & increases in size with age.
largest, decreases
Normal palpable nodes are more likely to be found in children than in adults.(T or F)
T
Common signs of tuberculosis in children can include swollen lymph nodes in the neck region,
which may appear one or more.(T or F)
T
A palpable normal node is more likely to be a superficial node than a deep cervical one. Deep cervical nodes are normally non palpable( T or F)
T
possible causes of epistaxis (nosebleed)
*Coagulation disorders
*Trauma
*Other hematologic disorders
*Renal
disorders
normal adult male heart weight
Adult M= 250-390g (8.8-13.8 oz)
Normal adult female heart weight
Adult F= 200-275g (7-9.7 oz)
Sac that surrounds the heart and roots of the
great vessels.
pericardium
Outer layer of fibrous connective tissue
fibrous pericardium
Contains pericardial fluid (10-20ml) of serous fluis
Serous pericardium
volves blood vessels that circulate blood through the pulmonic arteries, lungs, and pulmonary veins
pulmonary circulation
Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to
the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back
to the heart
systematic circulation
Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart through the rest of the body except pulmoary artery (carries O2 depleted blood from right
ventricle to the lungs
arteries
A small-diameter blood vessel in the
microcirculation that extends and branches out
from an artery and leads to capillaries.
arterioles
Thin walls and highly permeable
Exchange of fluid, nutrients, and metabolic wastes between blood and cells
capillaries
A small blood vessel in the microcirculation that allows deoxygenated blood return from capillary beds to larger blood vessels called veins.
They range from 8 to 100 myumeters in diameter and are formed when capillaries come together.
Venules
Walls are thinner and more pliable than the wall of an artery.
Carry blood toward the heart.
Most carry CO2 depleted blood except
pulmonary veins (carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium)
Serves as large reservoir for circulating blood.
Contain valves at periodic intervals to prevent blood from flowing backward.
Veins
cells ability to initiate an
impulse of the heart
automaticity
respons to an impulse and
create an action potential of the heart
excitability
- transmit an impulse
conductivity
Normal pacemaker of the heart
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
Paces at 20-40bpm
bundle of HIS
Stimulates the ventricles to contract
purkinje fibers
Series of audible, prolonged sounds resulting from turbulence created within the vascular system of the heart
murmurs
(grade the murmur) Barely audible, heard only in a quiet room & then
with difficulty
grade 1
(grade the murmur) Clearly audible, but faint
grade 2
(grade the murmur) Moderately loud, easy to hear
grade 3
(grade the murmur) Loud, associated with a thrill palpable on the
chest wall
grade 4
(grade the murmur) Very loud, heart with one corner of the
stethoscope lifted off the chest wal
grade 5
(grade the murmur) Loudest, still heart with the entire stethoscope
lifted off the chest
grade 6
Becomes progressively louder
crescendo
Becomes progressively softer
decrescendo
Peaks then decreases again
Crescendo-decrescendo
Remains equal in intensity
Plateau-shaped
High pitched, scratchy, leathery sound that is generated when the inflamed parietal and visceral pericardial layers rub together
Pericardial Friction Rub
Murmur-like sound that is vascular in origin
bruit
occlusive arterial disease, arterio-venous fistula
-may also be noted in patients with anemia, hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma (tumor in
adrenal gland)
arterial bruit
There is an increase in the anteroposterior diameter of the thorax. Usually occurs as a
result of over inflation of the lungs esp. in cases of emphysema
Barrel chest
There is depression in the lower portion of
the sternum. This may compress the heart,
and great vessels, resulting in murmurs.
May occur in rickets or Marfan’s syndrome
funnel chest
There is protrusion of the sternum. This may
occur with rickets or severe
kyphoscoliosis.
Pigeon Chest ( Pectus Carinatum )
s characterized by elevation of the scapula
and with S- shaped spine
Kyphoscoliosis
Fine, short, interrupted crackling sounds;
Alveolar rales are high pitched, while
bronchial rales are low pitched.
an air passing thru fluid or mucus in air
passages (in the lower lung lobes)
Crackles ( Rales )
continuous, low pitched, course, gurgling,
harsh louder sounds with a moaning or
snoring quality.
Created by air passing thru narrowed air
passages as a result of secretions, swelling
or tumors
Gurgles ( Rhonchi )
loud, high pitched crowing sound, heard
without a stethoscope due to upper airway
obstruction
Stridor
low pitched, grating, rubbing sound heard
on inspiration and expiration due to pleural
inflammation.
Pleural Friction Rub
violent and uncontrolled
coughing that is exhausting and painful.
Paroxysmal cough
– caused by a virus that makes their
airways swell. They have a telltale “barking”
cough.
Croup cough
A group of diseases that cause airflow blockage
and breathing-related problems.
→ It includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
a condition in which the alveoli become
abnormally inflated, damaging their walls and
making it harder to breathe.
Emphysema
A lung condition that develops over time in which the bronchi (large air passages that lead to the lungs) become inflamed and scarred.
This causes the bronchi to make large amounts of mucus and can lead to a chronic cough and breathing problems.
Chronic Brinchitis
A lung disease that occurs when lung tissue
becomes damaged and scarred.
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Well defined mass or masses in breast
→ No pain
→ Mass is round, firm, discrete, movable, 3/8 – 2
inches (1-5cm) in diameter
→ Usually solitary, but may be multiple; bilateral
→ Teens, early 20’s
Fibroadenoma of Breast
Thickened, nodular areas in breast (usually
bilateral)
→ Pain & tenderness possible (esp. premenstrual)
→ Single/ multiple
→ Mobile, well defined, tender
→ Upper, outer quadrant
→ Exacerbated by caffeine intake
→ Gray-green cystic fluid
→ Childbearing years
Fibrocystic Disease
Pain accompanied by breast tenderness
→ Firm, tender, warm, & reddened
→ History of cracked nipples
→ Breast abscess
→ Painful enlarged axillary nodes
→ 3rd/ 4th wk. postpartum
Mastitis
Affect nipple and areola
→ eczema-like rash
→ red, itchy and inflamed; flaky or scaly
→ straw-colored or bloody discharge
→ Nipple may turn inward
→ Tingling, increased sensitivity to pain
Paget’s Disease of the Breast
Serous or serosanguineous discharge from one
nipple duct unilaterally
→ Moderate pain
→ No palpable tumor or mass
→ Age 35-55
Interductal Papillona
→ late sign of breast Cancer
→ Edematous thickening & pitting
→ Breast / axillary lymph node infection; Grave’s
Peau d’ Orange
Non-modifiable Factors of Breast Cancer
- Age
- Race/ethnicity
- Prior to 35 – African American (prone to cancer)
- After 35 – White women (prone to cancer)
- Personal or family history
- Hormonal Factors
- Gender
- Genetics
- Menarche (earlier - more like to get cancer)
Modifiable Factors of Breast Cancer
- High fat diet
- Post menopausal obesity
- Use of post menopausal hormones
- Alcohol consumption
- Physical inactivity
- Breastfeeding
- Birth Control
Disproven and Controversial Possibilities or breast cancer
- Antiperspirants
- Bras
- Induced Abortion
- Breast Implants
acute respiratory infection which the alveoli are filled with pus
Pneumonia
What are 4 types of cough
- dry
- wet
- paroxysmal
- croup
What are normal findings in respiratory
- 12 to 20 cycles
- symmetrical thorax shape
- no tenderness
- no respiratory distress
Abnormal findings of respiratory
Chest configuration
Respiratory rate
Respiratory sound
Responsible for speech and route for food and air
Larynx
Respi condition which airways narrows and swell
Asthma
Alveoli abnormally inflated
Emphysema
Vascular ulcer caused by venus HPN
Venus ulcer
Vascular ulcer caused by lymphedema
Lymphatic ulcer
Vascular ulcer caused by occlusive arterial diease
Arterial ulcer
• Absent/Decreased Pulses
• Cool, pale, shiny skin
• Hair loss on legs
Leg pain
Ulcerations around toes
dependent
• Thick, ridged nails
Arterial Insufficiency
Ulcerations around the ankle
• Pulses may be present but difficult to palpate
• Edema
• Cyanotic when dependent
Venus insufficiency
Symptoms for Cardiovascular problema
Chest pain
Palpitations
Syncope
Fatigue
Edema
Extremity changes
Dyspnea and cough
Medical term for passing out
Result from decreased cerebral blood flow (may be non cardiac or side effect of medications)
Syncope
Burning and prickling sensation in the extremities
Paresthesia
On and off leg or calf pain
Intermittent claudication
Types of abnormal pulses
Weak
Strong
Pulsus alternans
Pulses bigeminus
Pulsus paradoxus
regular alternating patter of a weak and strong pulse
Pulsus alternans
- similar to pulsus alternans but occurs at irregular intervals
Pulsus begiminus
-increases and decreases in amplitude associated with respiratory cycle, decreases when patient inhales
Pulsus paradoxus
Normal breast
Conical shape
● Equal on both sides
● Primary function –produce nourishment for offspring
● Female sexuality
● Lies between the 2nd & 6th ribs & between the sternal edge & mid
axillary line
What ribs number lies the breast
2nd and 6th ribs
● Composed of 15-20 lobes
● Lobe – 50-75 lobules
● Acini cells – produce milk
Mammary Gland
Carry milk from glands to lactiferous sinuses
Lactiferous duct
Stores milk
Lactiferous sinus
What breast cell that produce milk
Acini cells
A darker tissue surrounding nipple
Areola
● Sebaceous gland
● Lipoidfluid secretions (lubricates & protects nipple)
● Olfactory stimulus for NB appetite
Montgomery’s Gland
● Composed of bands of breast tissue fused with outer layers of superficial fascia
● supports breasts
Cooper’s Ligament
Drains most of the breast & anterior chest wall
Anterior (pectoral)
Drains most of arm
Lateral (brachial)
Drains part of arm and posterior chest wall
Posterior (subscapular)
Drains mammary glands
Internal mammary
Often site for metastatic cancer
Supraclavicular and infraclavicular
Common complaint in tbe breast
Breast lump or mass
Common benign causes of breast lumps
Pain or tenderness
Nipple discharge
Common causes of abnormal nipple discharge
Rash
Swelling
Trauma
Past health history
Common breast abnormalities
Fibroadenoma
Fibrocystic disease
Interductal papilloma
Mammary duct ectasia
Mastitis
Paget’s disease of the breast
Peau’d orange
Breast cancer
Well defined mass or masses in breast
● No pain
● Mass is round, firm, discrete, movable, 3/8 – 2 inches (1-5cm) in
diameter
● Usually solitary, but may be multiple; bilateral
● Teens, early 20’s
Fibroadenoma
● Thickened, nodular areas in breast (usually bilateral)
● Pain & tenderness possible (esp. premenstrual)
● Single/ multiple
● Mobile, well defined, tender
● Upper, outer quadrant
● Exacerbated by caffeine intake
● Gray-green cystic fluid
● Childbearing years
Fibrocystic disease
● Serous or serosanguineous discharge from one nipple duct unilaterally
● Moderate pain
● No palpable tumor or mass
● Age 35-55
Interductal papilloma
● Nipple discharge & retraction
● Pain in affected areas
● Itching around nipple
● Subareolar ducts feel like
rubbery lesions filled with
pastelike material
● Possible enlargement of
regional nodes
● Early stage menopause
Mammary duct ectasia
● Pain accompanied by breast tenderness ● Firm, tender, warm, & reddened
● History of cracked nipples
● Breast abscess
● Painful enlarged axillary nodes ● 3rd/ 4th wk. postpartum
Mastitis
● affect nipple and areola
● eczema-like rash
● red, itchy and inflamed; flaky or scaly
● straw-colored or bloody discharge
● Nipple may turn inward
● Tingling, increased sensitivity to pain
Paget’s disease
● late sign of breast Cancer
● Edematous thickening & pitting
● Breast / axillary lymph node infection;
Grave’s
Peau’d orange
● nipple erosion, retraction ; bloody discharge
● Enlarged, shrunken or dimpled breast with no pain
● Nontender, firm or hard lump, irregularly shaped & fixed to skin or
underlying tissue
● Enlarged surrounding lymph nodes
● White women over age 35 with family history of Breast CA, long
menstrual cycle, 1st pregnancy after 30
Breast cancer
Mechanism of the heart
Hemodynamics
Electrical conduction system
Movement of valves
Paces of 40-60 BPM
atrioventricular AV node
Common problems of the axilla
Smelly armpit
Hyperhidrosis
Irritant contact dermatitis
Allergic contact dermatitis
Psoriasis
● occur when bacteria break down the otherwise odorless sweat on your skin.
● Body odor is caused by a mix of bacteria and sweat on your skin
● The best way to prevent smelly armpits is to wash daily and after
sweating.
Smelly armpit
● Excessive sweating, which often affects the armpits and hands. The cause is unknown; the perspiration is not due to anxiety or stress.
Hyperhidrosis
● Skin inflammation (redness, swelling, pain, or heat) caused by an irritating substance touching the skin. Soaps, deodorant, alcohol, and dry air may all cause irritant contact dermatitis of the armpit.
Irritant contact dermatitis
An allergic reaction to something directly touching the skin, usually causing redness and small blisters. Irritant contact dermatitis affects the armpit more often than allergic contact dermatitis.
Allergic contact dermatitis
a condition causing red plaques with a silvery scale to appear on the skin.
● an autoimmune condition, meaning it is caused when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues
Psoriasis
A normal or benign-appearing axillary lymph node should have an ?
oval or lobulated shape
smooth and well-defined margin.
occurs when your underarm (axilla) lymph nodes grow larger in size.
● While this condition may be concerning, it’s usually attributed to a benign cause.
Axillary Adenopathy or armpit lump
