Abdomen Flashcards
in adults, what is the size of an esophagus
10-13 inch LONG
3/4 inch ACROSS
an organ in the abdomen that mainly function by propelling the food into the stomach
esophagus
Dilated saclike organ structure that can be found in the LUQ
stomach
what are the 2 important structures (sphincter) of the stomach? and describe their location
- cardiac sphincter (entrance of stomach)
- pyloric sphincter (exit of the stomach)
the primary function of this organ is to store food & mix it with gastric juices composed of ________,
________, ________
stomach
- mucus
- pepsin
- hydrochloric acid
in the stomach, an intrinsic factor binds with vitamin ______ to be absorbed in the small intestine
vitamin B12
the stomach passes _____ into the small intestine for absorption and digestion
chyme
an organ that absorbs essential nutrients into the blood stream
small intestine
what are the 3 major parts of the small intestine
- duodenum (10 inch, the bile is added to chyme)
- jejunum (8ft w/ ileum - break down and absorb most nutrients)
- ileum (12ft)
it is the primary site for digestion aided by _____,_______,_______
small intestine
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
it is an ileocecal junction and the narrowest part of the intestine (frequent site of bacteria)
appendix
it is an organ that measures 5-6ft long and primarily functions by absorbing ______ and _________
large intestine
- sodium
- water
this organ stores food residue then eliminates these waste products
large intestine
one of the functions of the large intestine is to synthesize the vitamins _____ and ______
vitamin B12 & K
what are the different parts of the large intestine
- cecum
- ascending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- rectum
- anus
what are the 6 accessory organs in the abdomen
- salivary glands
- liver
- gallbladder
- bile ducts
- pancreas
- spleen
what are the 3 types of salivary glands
- parotid
- submandibular
- sublingual
an organ that produces saliva to moisten and lubricate food
salivary glands
salivary glands secretes ______ which converts into starch and into _______
amylase
maltose
an organ that metabolizes carbohydrates, fats, and proteins and also detoxify the blood
liver
the liver contains glucose and converts it into _______.
the liver converts ammonia to ________ for ________
- glycogen
- urea
- excretion
the liver also synthesizes ______ (CHON), stores _______ (ADEK,B12), essential nutrients and ________ (iron & copper)
- plasma protein
- vitamins
- minerals
an accessory organ that secretes or produces bile
liver
it is a green fluid that helps in digesting fats & absorbs fatty acids, cholesterol and other lipids which gives stool its color
bile
an organ that stores and concentrates bile
gallbladder
what are the different bile ducts
- hepatic duct
- cystic duct
- common bile duct
● ________ - drain bile from the liver
● ________ - drains bile from the gallbladder
● _________ - receives bile from the hepatic & cystic ducts
& empties bile from the duodenum
- Hepatic ducts
- Cystic duct
- Common Bile Duct
Beta cells - release _____
Alpha cells – secretes ______
○ Glycogen into the bloodstream
Delta cells – ___________
(hypothalamic inhibiting hormone)
F cells - secrete __________ that regulates the release of pancreatic enzymes
- insulin
- glucagon
- somatostatin
- pancreatic polypeptide
an organ that is located at the left side of the abdomen and primarily function by filtering blood (removing old / damaged blood cells & platelets)
spleen
it is a serous membrane that covers the abdominal cavity
peritoneum
the peritoneum consists of two layers which are
parietal and visceral
________ – lines walls of abdomen
________ – coats the outer surface of organs
● Parietal
● Visceral
the ________ maintains homeostasis of fluids electrolytes, and the acid-base system and also controls _______ through the secretion of _____
- urinary tract
- BP
- renin
the urinary tract secrete ______ which stimulate RBC production
erythropoietin
what is the normal shape of an abdomen in an adult
flat round, scaphoid
for muscular patients, the shape of the abdomen is _______
flat
for infants and toddlers, there abdomen shape is ______ due to poor muscle tone
round/ rounded
the shape of the abdomen for thin patients would be ______
scaphoid or concave
this abdominal shape is seen in adult male patients who are alcoholic
protuberant
the relation of the integumentary system and the abdomen is it _______ and ______. while musculoskeletal assists with ________, ________, ________, __________
- protects, support
- ingestion, mastication, deglutition, defecation
respiratory & cardio system provide oxygen needed for _______
digestion
parasympathetic response (“rest & repair”) → ____________
(neurotransmitter) → stimulates the secretion of digestive juices &
_________ peristalsis
- acetylcholine
- increase
sympathetic response (stress) → ______________ → _________ in
peristalsis & secretion of digestive juices.
- norepinephrine
- decrease
secretion of digestive juices also depends on functioning of _______
pancreas
in infants, the bladder is normally located above the _________ and the _______ takes more abdominal space (extending 3⁄4 inch below the rib), and the abdomen normally _________ due to weak abdominal muscles
- symphysis pubis
- liver
- protrudes
the abdomen of children is proportionately _______ & has a slightly _________ appearance because of curvature of the back
- larger
- protuberant
The __________ is most obvious in toddlers & preschoolers &
diminishes to adult proportions during adolescence.
- protuberance
____________ respiration is very common in most children because their abdominal muscles are underdeveloped
Abdominal respiration
for pregnant women, the abdominal muscles ______ allowing the uterus to protrude during a normal pregnancy
relax
__________ normally happens to pregnant women since the rectus abdominis muscle (anterior medial of the abdomen) may become separated
Diastasis recti abdominis
due to pregnancy, the woman’s bowel sound is _________ since the bowels are compressed by fetus
diminished
pregnant women are also prone to ________ (decreased lower GIT activity + Iron) and ________ (increased venous pressure in lower abdomen)
- constipation
- hemorrhoids
during pregnancy, the appendix
is displaced _________& laterally to the ______
- upward
- right
in older adults, _________ changes which affects chewing ability & digestion; poorly fitted dentures, painful mastication, nutritional imbalance
dentition
Reduced saliva, stomach acid, gastric motility, peristalsis (absorption, swallowing, digestion) happen mostly to _______
older adults
Fat accumulation in older adults - women ___________ ; men __________
- (lower abdomen)
- (waist)
what are the different common symptoms in the abdomen
-abdominal pain
- weight change
- change in bowel pattern
- indigestion
- nausea
- vomiting
- abdominal distention
- loose stools
it is the most common abdominal complaint
abdominal pain
what are the classifications under abdominal pain
- visceral pain
- parietal pain
- referred pain
- acute abdomen
under abdominal pain
distention of the intestines or stretching of the solid organs burning, cramping, diffuse & poorly localized
Visceral pain
inflammation of parietal peritoneum, pain is severe, localized & aggravated by movement
Parietal pain –
_______ – site away from origin
_________ - life threatening condition
- Referred pain
- “acute abdomen”
Abdominal Pain Location:
● umbilical region – abdominal _______ or early _________
● Chest – referred _________
● Epigastric (left of midline) – ______
● Radiates back, neck, jaw - _______
- aortic aneurysm, appendicitis
- abdominal pain
- gastric ulcer
- GERD
Abdominal Pain Location:
● Shoulder: _______, _______, ______
● Scapulae: ______, _______, _______, ________, ________
● Thighs, genitals, lower back: _____, ________
● Lower & middle back: _________
- Ruptured spleen, ectopic pregnancy, pancreatitis
- Cholelithiasis, MI, angina, biliary colic, pancreatitis
- renal problem, ureteral colic
- abdominal aortic aneurysm
what causes weight change in a patient
- Pathology
- Unhealthy lifestyle
- Major depressive disorders
- Careful analysis of symptoms
- Eating disorders ( diet, cathartics, exercise, purgatives)
- Unexplained wt. loss in adults
when there is a change in bowel pattern, check the stool color:
○ ________ - Upper GI Bleeding
○ ________ – lower GI
○ ________ – increased bile in obstructive jaundice
- Black, tarry
- Red, bloody
- Clay-colored
the most common symptoms when a patient has changes in their bowel pattern are ________ and ________
- constipation and diarrhea
Ingestion is also called as
Dyspepsia or pyrosis
Heartburn is associated by ______ and experienced worst _____ meal
Indigestion
- after
T OR F: During heartburn, the acid flows into lower esophagus
T
What is the chief complaint of GERD?
Heartburn
Indigestion with belching (eructation) burping & flatulence suggest ______
cholecystitis
stress on the stomach wall or esophagus
Nausea
What are the causes of nausea?
- Distention
- alteration in peristalsis
- negative olfactory stimulation
- inner ear problem
- medications
Peristalsis is reversed & esophageal sphincter opens caused by irritation of the stomach lining
Vomiting
Stimulation of vomiting center of brain _____
Medulla
If there is a repeated vomiting, the _____ and _____ are imbalanced
Fluids and electrolytes
outward expansion beyond abdominal girth due to air (gas), fluid, tumor accumulate in the abdomen
Abdominal distention
“Feeling bloated”
Abdominal distention
unusually watery bowel movemen
Loose stool
T OR F: Loose stools often occur after eating, but can also happen at other points in the day.
T
POOP COLOR
_______ - normal
_______- food may be moving through the large intestine too quickly, such as due to diarrhea
_______ - may indicate a malabsorption disorder caused by a parasite, illness, or disease
BROWN
GREEN
YELLOW
POOP COLOR
______ - A lack of bile in stool. This may indicate a bile duct obstruction.
_______ - Often indicates that there is bleeding in the stomach, small intestine, or right side of the colon
______ - the blood is fresh and the bleeding is lower in the colon or rectum.
LIGHT COLORED
BLACK/DARK
BRIGHT RED
the passage of fresh blood per anus, usually in or with stools or rectal bleeding
Hematochezia
difficulty swallowing which means an individual takes more time and effort to move food or liquid from your mouth to your stomach
Dysphagia
T OR F: can dysphagia cause aspirations and pneumonia?
T
Bluish periumbilical discoloration often recognised as a result of trauma / acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis.
Cullen’s signs
bruiselike discoloration (flank) and an uncommon subcutaneous manifestation of intra-abdominal pathology that manifests as ecchymosis or discoloration of the flanks
Turner’s sign
a burning feeling in the chest caused by stomach acid traveling up towards the throat (acid reflux)
Heartburn
malignant (cancer) cells form in lining of the stomach and the symptoms include indigestion and stomach discomfort or pain.
Gastric Cancer
T OR F: ● Age, diet, stomach disease can affect the risk of developing gastric cancer
T
is a group of symptoms that occur together, including repeated pain in your abdomen and changes in your bowel movements, which may be diarrhea, constipation, or both
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
a condition in which you have digestive symptoms—such as bloating, diarrhea, and gas—after you consume foods or drinks that contain lactose.
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
a condition in which you have digestive symptoms—such as bloating, diarrhea, and gas—after you consume foods or drinks that contain lactose.
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
