Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Boards Drugs > Neuro and Psych Drugs > Flashcards

Neuro and Psych Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Drugs to Treat Glaucoma (classes)

A
  • Goal is to decrease humor production, increase outflow, or open angle.
  • Beta Blockers (timolol, betaxolol, carteolol)
  • PGF2 Agonists (Latanaprosct)
  • Diuretics (CA inhibitors) (acetazolamide)
  • Alpha agonists (epinephrine, Brimonidine)
  • Cholinomimetics (Pilocarpine, Carbachol, Phyostigmine, echothyophate)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Timolol, Betaxolol, Carteolol

A
  • Beta 2 blockers prevent humor synthesis from the ciliary body
  • S/E: None
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Latanaprosct

A
  • PGF2a agonist increases humor outflow

- S/E: darkens the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Acetazolamide

A
  • Inhibits Cabonic Anhydrase thus decreasing humor production
  • S/E: None
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Epinephrine

A
  • Constricts blood vessels and decreases humor production

- S/E: Do not use in closed angle as can worsen closure. Causes mydriasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Brimonidine

A
  • Alpha 2 agonists, autoreceptor.

- S/E: Blurry vision, occular foreign body and pruritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pilocarpine and Carbachol

A
  • Muscarinic agonists cause constriction of pupillary muscle and increased outflow of aquesous humor
  • Drug of choice for acute angle closure glaucoma.
  • S/E: Miosis and cycloplegia (Ciliary muscle spasm)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Physistigmine, Echothiophate

A
  • AchE inhibitors (echothiophate is irreversible), leading to cholinomimetic actions.
  • Constriction of ciliary muscle and opening of outflow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Opiods

A
  • Act by stimulating mu (and other receptors) on inhibitory interneurons. Lead to stimulation of Gi receptors on pain and other neurons leading to a decrease in Ca and increase in K in the cleft, thus a decrease rate of firing.
  • Decreases stimulatory hormones (Sub P, Ach, NE, 5-HT)
  • Common S/E: Miosis, Constipation (occur early) respiratory depression (late). Additive CNS depression with other drugs.
  • Toxicity treated with naloxone. Never give O2 because respiratory drive is based on O2 not CO2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Morphine, Fentanyl, Heroin

A

-Classical pain relievers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Coedine, dextromethorophan

A

-Used as antitussives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Loperamide, Diphenoxylate

A

-Antidiahrreals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Miperidine

A

-Decreased GI effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Methadone

A

Long half life means lower abuse potential, often given to treat addicts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Butrophanol

A
  • Partial agonist of mu and kappa. Weaker pain effect but lower abuse potiential and lower risk of respiratory depression
  • If given in the context of full agonist, will act as blocker and may precipitate withdrawl
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bupronorphine

A

-Partial mu agonist, usually given with naloxone to treat opiod withdrawl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tramadol

A
  • Weak Mu agonist and also blocks NE and 5-HT uptake
  • Used as a more mild analgesic
  • Decreases siezure threshold. In the context of a patient with electrolyte imbalances may precipitate a siezure.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Clonidine

A

-Centrally acting alpha 2 agonist (auto receptor) that can be used to minimize opiate withdrawl symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Generalized Siezures

A
  • Phenytoin, Carbemezapine, Valproic Acid

- Lamotrigine, gabapentine, topirimate, levatiracetam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Status Epilepticus

A
  • Benzodiazepines (diazepam (long), lorazepam(med))

- Phenytoin is used as prophylaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Partial

A

Carbemazapine

-All others second line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

-Absence

A
  • Ethosuximide

- Valproic acid 2nd line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Nueropathic pain

A

gabapentin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Migranes

A

Topirimate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Pregnancy and Kids
Phenobarbitol
26
Phenytoin
- Rate dependent block of Na channels (inactive state), reduces glutamate release - First Line therapy for generalized siezures, also used as prophylaxis for status epilepticus - S/E: Induction P-450 (porphyria), Folate absorption reduced (cleft lip/palate, megaloblastic anemia), gingival hyperplasia, SLE, Hirsuitism
27
Carbemezapine
- Rate dependent block of Na channels leading to decreased glutamate - Use: 1st line complex. DOC partial, DOC Trigeminal Neuralgia - S/E: P-450 Induction, Aplastic Anemia, Teratogenic, SIADH
28
Valproic Acid
- Many mechanisms, Inhibiti T Type Ca channels, Na Channels, GABA deaminase. - Use: First line Generalized, Second Line Absence, Myoclonic - S/E: Inhibit P450s, Major teratogen, GI, Hepatotoxicity, Alopecia
29
Phenobarbitol
- Bind GABAa and increase Duration of opening - Use: First line in pregnancy and children (high protein binding), also can be used for other siezure disorders. - S/E: Respiratory and CNS depression, Induce P-450
30
Barbituates
- Increase GABAa opening duration. - Use: Induction of anesthesia, anxiety, but safer drugs exist. - S/E: Deadly respiratory depression and induce P450s (do not use in porphyria)
31
Ethosuximide
- Blocks T type Ca channels - DOC for absence siezures - S/E: GI distress, stevens johnsons
32
Benzodiazepines
- Bind BZ1 and BZ2 sites on GABAa receptor and increase frequency. Only function in presence of GABA, therefore much greater safety threshold. - Use: DT and Status Epilepticus, Anxiety, Insomnia, Detox, induce anesthesia - S/E: Limited respiratory and CNS depression, concamitant use with alcohol or other drugs can lead to respiratory depression and death
33
Flumezanil
-Competitive antagonist of BZ sites on GABAa receptor. Can treat overdose with benzos and Z drugs
34
Ultra Short Benzo
-Midazolam
35
-Short Benzo
-Oxazapam, Triazolam
36
Med
Lorazepam, Tirezapam
37
Long
Diazepam, Chlorodiazoepoxide
38
Z Drugs
- Zolpidem, Zaleplon, eszoplicone - Bind BZ1 site at GABAa - Use: Insomina, used because of much more favorable side effect profile (shorter effects and half life, minimal amnesia) - Flumezanil is still antidote
39
Gabapentine
- Inhibits V gated Ca channels, also mild analog of GABA | - Use: Neuropathic pain
40
Topirimate
- Block Na channels | - Migrane prophylaxis
41
Tiagabine, Vigabatrin, Levetiracetam
-Increase GABA, Can be used for eppilepsy?
42
Lamotrigine
- Blocks Na channels - Used for Siezures, - Improved S/E profile compared to others
43
Inhaled Anesthetics Pharm
- Mean Alveolar Concentration (MAC) - Potency. Lower the MAC the higher the potency - Blood Solubility - The less soluble in blood the more rapid the onset of anesthesia and the more rapid the recovery
44
Halothane, etc
- Low MAC (very potent), high solubility in blood (takes a long time for induction) - S/E: Hepatotoxicity (cummulative and may take weeks to develop), Malignant Hyperthermia (treated with dantrolene), Proconvulsant. CV depression and may cause arrythmias
45
N2O
- High MAC (minimally potent) Low Lipid Solubility (rapid induction and recovery) - S/E: May cause spontaneous abortion and is contraindicated in pregnancy
46
Propfol
- Increase flux through GABAa | - Rapid onest and rapid recovery with minimal naseau
47
Thiopental
- Most commonly used Barb - Increases duration of GABAa - Rapidly redistributes in fat, can be quick recovery due to this, high lipid solubility means rapid induction.
48
Ketamine
- Inhibits NMDA receptor - Causes dissociative amnesia (kids for breaks etc) - Increases Cerebral blood flow and should not be used if there is possibility of cerebral bleed
49
Local Anisthetics
- Enters cell in the uncharged state (Basic env) and becomes charged intracellularly, then blocks Na channels. Preference for active sodium channels in rapidly firing neurons. - Administered with epinephrine to cause vasoconstriction and keep effects local - If local infection (acidic environment) need to administer higher dose because more stays in charged form. - Blocks large unmyelinated neurons firts (C fibers). Pain then temperature, then touch, then pressure. Needs very high dose to block motor - Esters have a single i and are more prone to allergies. Amides have 2 i's and are less prone to allergies - If gets to systemic circulation causes arryhtmias in the heart (Na channel block)
50
Depolarizing Muscle Block (succinylcholine)
- AchR agonists that cause muscle depolarization. - Phase I: Comlete depolarization, all AchR occupied there is no antagoinst. - Phase II: Most AchR blocked, some available. Can be treated with neostigmine - S/E: Malignant Hyperthermia: RyR mutation leads to elevated intracellular calcium, sustaied contractions increased ETC and heat generation. Antitode is dantrolene (Ca channel blocker) - Also can get hyprcalcemia and hyperkalemia
51
Tubocurarine (Curium suffix)
- Antagonist of AchR - Used commonly for intubation - Reversal by AchE inhibitor (neostigmine)
52
Parkison Drugs
- Caused by decreased DA in SNC, strategy is to increase. - D1R is Gs and nigrostriatal - D2a is Gi and nigostriatal - D2c is Gi and Mesolimbic
53
Bromocriptine
- Dopamine agonist, can be used in parkinsons | - More commonly used in prolactinoma, and as a treatment for antipsychotic overdose
54
L-DOPA, CarbiDopa
- L-Dopa converted to dopamine by ADCC. | - Carbidopa given to prevent peripheral conversion (dopamine can't cross BBB)
55
-Selegellin
- Selective MAO-B inhibitor - Prevents the breakdown of DA - Does not act on MAO-A so no interaction with tyramine. Also no interaction with 5-HT and NE levels
56
Tolcapone
- COMT inhibitor | - Prevents conversion of L-DOPA into unsusable substrate
57
Amantadine
-Increases release of Dopamine
58
Benztropine
-Antimuscarinic, used to treat positive symptoms of rigidity and tremor.
59
Memantine
- NMDAR antagonist, prevents excititoxicity | - Used in alzheimers
60
Donepazil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine
- Centerally acting AchE inhibitors | - Used in alzheimers
61
Huntingtons
- Decreased GABA and Ach Increased DA - Haloperidol - antagonist of DA - Reserpine - inhibit VMAT (prevent DA recycling and release)
62
Migranes
- Vasodilation of blood vessels in brain and activation of trigeminal nerve - Sumatriptan: 5-HT analog, abortive therapy. Can cause hypertensive emergency, contraindicated in prinzmetals angina - Ergotamine: has simliar effects and S/E as supitriptan but is less likely to cause hypertensive emergency - Beta blockers and Topiramate can also be used. B blockers as prophylaxis
63
Alcohol Withdrawl
- DT begins 2-5 days post cessation | - Tx Lorazepam (long) Diazepam (med)
64
Anxiety
- SSRI, SNRI, Busprione | - SSRI and SNRI have more S/E
65
ADHD
-Methylphenydate, amphetamines
66
Bipolar
- Lithium, valproic Acid, Carbemezapime | - Atypical Antpsychotics
67
Bulimia
-SSRI
68
Depression
-SSRI, SNRI, TCA, Busprione, mirtazapine
69
OCD
-SSRI, Clomipramine
70
Panic Disorder
-SSRI, Venlafaxine, Benzos
71
PTSD
-SSRI
72
Schizophrenia
-Antipsychotics
73
Social Phobia
-SSRI
74
Tourettes
-Antipsychotics
75
Antipsychotics
- Block D2(c) Receptors for antipsychotic effect. Increase Serotonin for flat affect. - Use: Psychosis, Mania, Tourettes
76
Haloperidol, Triflourperazine, Fluphenazine
- High potency typical antipsychotics with only D2 action - Used for schizophrenia and psychosis - S/E: Extrapyramidal (starts with parksinson like (block D2R) then moves to restlessness and more parkisonism (increase sensitivity) then to complete tardive dyskinesia (4 months) often begining with mouth and lips). Can give benztropine or other antimuscarinics in early stages and stop drug - Neuroleptic Malignant syndrome: Rigidity, Fever, Myoglobinuria, hyperreflexia. Tx: Dantrolene (Ca channel) and Bromocriptine (D2 agonist) - Alpha blockade, Muscarinic blockade (Coma, Convulsions, Cardiac arrythmias) also sedation, dry mouth, hypotension - May also cause galactorrhea and reduced libido/amenorrhea
77
Clorpromazine, Thioridazine
- Same mechanism as strong antipsychotics, but have decreased risk for extrapyramidal and malignant neurolecptic syndrome. - Corneal deposits for clorpromazine and retinal deposits for thioridazine
78
Atypical Antipsychotics
- Effects on 5-HT2R, Alpha, and H1 receptors, not completely understood mechanism - Less risk for extrapyramidal symptoms and Neruoleptic Malignant syndrome - Treat Negative symptoms of schizophrenia - All will cause weight gain
79
-Olanzapine
-Weight gain
80
-Clozapine
- Weight gain and agranulocytosis | - Will not cause extrapyramidal symptoms.
81
Risperidone, aripiprazole
-Atypical antipsychotics
82
Lithium
- Similar structure to Na. Will decrease all GPCR signalling. Gq and Gs (reduce cAMP and PIP) - Used as a mood stabilizer and for SIADH - S/E: Nephrogenic DI, Hypothyroidism, Tremors, Siezures, Ebstiens Anomaly (RV hypoplasia) - Eliminated Via kidneys, but reabsorption enhanced with the use of furosemide or loop diuretics
83
Busprione
- Partial 5-HT receptor partial agonist - Primarily indicated for generalized anxiety. - Minimal S/E profile
84
SSRI
- Prevent Seretonin Reuptake - Depression, OCD, Bulimia, PTSD, Anxiety, - Tox: Sexual Dysfunction - Seretonin Syndrome: Fever, Tachychardia, confusion, myoclonus, CV collapse. Most commonly seen when there are other drugs present that increase seretonin (TCA, MAO)
85
Fluoxetine,
SSRI
86
Paroxatine
SSRI
87
Sertaline
SSRI
88
Citalopram
SSRI
89
Cyprophetadine
Antagonist of 5-HT2 receptor used to treat seretonin syndrome
90
SNRI
- Used to treat depression | - Stimluation, sedation, naseua
91
Duloxetine
- SNRI | - Also used in diabetic neuropathy
92
Venlafaxine
-SNRI also used anxiety and panic disorders
93
TCA
- Inhibit Seretonin and NE uptake - Toxicity: CCC. Coma, Convulsions, Cardiac Arrythmias - Lowers siezure threshold - Most common cause of death is arrythmia (common cause of poisoning) - Give NaHCO3 to alkalanize the urine and increase clearance - Anticholinergic S/E are the most commonly reported - Also have other alpha blocker and atropine like side effects. (Dry mouth, hypotension, confusion, hallucinations)
94
-Amitryptaline
-TCA also use in Fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain
95
-Imipramine
-TCA also used to treat enuresis
96
clomimpramine
-TCA also used to treat OCD
97
doxepin amoxepin
TCA
98
MAOI
- Block MAO and decrease metabolism of DA, 5HT, NE - Used as second line in atypical depression, anxiety, hypochondriasis - S/E: Ingestion with tyramine may precipitate hypertensive crisis (sensitized terminals) - If given with anything that increases 5HT (St johns wort) can cause seretonin syndrome
99
Phenelzine
-MAOI
100
Trancyclopramine
MAOI
101
Isocarboxazide
MAOI
102
Selegeline
-MAOI B specific
103
Buproprion
- Increase NE and DA - Used to quit smoking - Siezure and headache
104
Mirtazapine
- alpha 2 antagoinst (autoR) inreases NE and 5HT - Sedation, weight gain - Used in anorexics and elderly
105
Maprotiline
-Increase NE
106
Trazadone
- SSRI - Used for insominia - Causes hypotension and priapism
107
Cyclobenzaprine
- Muscle relaxant that is similiar to TCA | - S/E are anticholinergic

Boards Drugs (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions