Neuro Anatomy Flashcards
What are gyri?
Rolls of cerebral cortex.
What are sulci?
Grooves/depressions between gyri.
What sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal?
The central sulcus.
What sulcus separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe?
The lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure).
Define insula.
A portion of cerebral cortex folded deep in the lateral sulcus; forms the floor of the lateral sulcus.
What divides the brain into right and left hemispheres?
The deep longitudinal fissure.
What white matter structure holds the hemispheres together?
The corpus callosum.
Within what lobe is broca’s area located?
The dominant (usually left) frontal lobe.
What is the function of Broca’s area?
Broca’s area?
Language production.
Within what lobe is Wernicke’s area located?
The dominant (usually left) temporal lobe.
What is the function of Wernicke’s area?
It is involved in the comprehension of written and spoken language.
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
In the pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe
What are the functions of the frontal lobes?
Motor function, problem solving, judgement, personality, social and sexual behaviour.
What is the pre-frontal cortex responsible for?
Higher cognitive functions e.g. personality.
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?
In the post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe.
What are the functions of the parietal lobes?
Somatosensory function. The dominant lobe is involved in perception, interpretation of sensory information, language and mathematical operations. The non dominant lobe has visiospatial functions.
What cortex are located in the occipital lobes?
Primary visual and vision association cortex.
What cortex is located in the temporal lobe?
Primary auditory cortex.
What are the functions of the temporal lobe?
Hearing, language comprehension (wernicke’s area). It also contains the hippocampus and amygdala.
What is the function of the hippocampus?
Important in the formation of long term memories.
What are the motor and sensory homunculi
Proportional somatotopical representations of how much of the cortex innervates certain body parts.
How many horns does the lateral ventricle have and what are they called?
3 horns.
Anterior, posterior and inferior.
What is the foramen between the lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle called?
The foramen of Munro/ or Interventricular foramen
What is the foramen between the 3rd and 4th ventricle called?
The cerebral aqueduct.
What are the foramen called that connect the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space?
The foramina of luschka (lateral) and the foramen of magendie (medial).
Where is choroid plexus located?
Along the choroid fissure of the lateral ventricle and in the roof of the 3rd and 4th ventricle.
How is CSF reabsorbed into dural venous sinuses?
Via arachnoid granulations. CSF drains through the endothelium into the dural venous sinus.
What gyrus lies immediately above the corpus callosum?
The cingulate gyrus.
What structure forms the roof of the lateral ventricles?
The corpus callosum
What are commissural fibres?
Fibres linking similar functional areas of the two hemispheres together e.g. the corpus callosum is composed of commissural fibres.
What is the brainstem composed of?
The midbrain, pons and medulla oblangata.
What structure divides the midbrain into dorsal and ventral parts?
The cerebral aqueduct.
What forms the dorsal midbrain?
The tectum.
What is the tectum of the midbrain composed of?
The inferior and superior colliculi.
What forms the ventral midbrain?
The cerebral peduncle.
What is the cerebral peduncle of the midbrain composed of?
A dorsal tegmentum and a ventral crus cerebri.
What structure divides the tegmentum from the crus cerebri?
The substantia nigra.
What are the crus cerebri?
White matter bundles emerging from the cerebral hemispheres.
What is the attachment between the midbrain and cerebellum called?
The superior cerebellar peduncles.
What is the function of the pineal gland?
Synthesises melatonin.
What is the medullary olive?
An eminence caused by the presence of the inferior olivary nucleus underneath. Located lateral to the ventrolateral sulcus. and lateral to the pyramids
What are the subdivisions of the corpus callosum?
From front to back:
Rostrum, Genu, Body, Isthmus, Splenium
Roughly speaking, what would parts of the body based off the homunculi would be supplied by the Anterior cerebral artery?
The Medial aspect, so the Genitals, Foot, legs, Pelvis and trunk
Roughly speaking, what would parts of the body based off the homunculi would be supplied by the Middle cerebral artery?
The arms, head, hands, face, lips, pharynx and larynx
The thalamus and hypothalamus are part of the Diencephalon. What artery are the supplied by?
The anterior cerebral artery
In the eyes, what retina cells are responsible for colour and visual acuity?
Cones
In the eyes, what retina cells are responsible for peripheral vision
Rod cells. They are more important in the dark as well, as they need a lower sensitivity of light to be activated
How many Cone cells to one ganglion?
How many rod cells
1 cone to one ganglion cell
3 rods to one ganglion cell
Outline the pathway of the limbic system
Starts at Hippocampus, Fornix, Mamillary Bodies, Thalamus, Cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, back to hippocampus
(Happily Fuck My Brother To Capitulate Genocide + parahippocampal gyrus, back to hippocampus)
Where in the meningeal layers are the arteries found?
In the subarachnoid space, under the arachnoid layer
What is A bleed between the
a) Dura layer and the skull
b) Dura and Arachnoid
c) Arachnoid and Pia
d) below Pia mata
all called? Which are most common in RTAs and which are most common in strokes?
a) Epidural bleed
b) Subdural bleed
c) Subarachnoid bleed
d) Intracranial bleed
Epi and Subdural are more common in Round traffic accidents,
Subarachnoid and intracranial are more common in strokes
What is the Direct pathway of the Basal ganglia? For initiating movement -
Cerebral cortex.
Then: Striatum =(Inhibits)=> Internal Globus Pallidus =(Inhibits)=> Thalamus (double inhibition means thalamus is excited) so Thalamus can excite the cerebral cortex == Movement
Sam Is Terribly Confused =
Striatum, Internal Globus Pallidus, Thalamus, Cerebral Cortex
What is the indirect pathway of the Basal ganglia? For stopping movement
Striatum =(Which excites)=> External Globus Pallidus =(Which Inhibits)=> The Subthalamic nucleus =(which Inhibits)=> Internal Globus Pallidus =(which Inhibits)=> Thalamus =(which Inhibits)=> The cerebral cortex
So one excitatory and then 4 inhibitory
Striatum, External Globus Pallidus, Subthalamic Nucleus, Internal Globus Pallidus, Thalamus, Classroom
Sam’s Extremely Stupid In The Classroom.
What modulates/ Determines what the striatum does?
The Substantia Nigra, using dopamine
What makes up the striatum?
The Caudate and the Putamen
what makes up the Lentiform nucleus?
The Globus Pallidus and the Putamen
What splits the Pontine and Medullary portion of the Rhomboid fossa?
The Medullary striae
What nuclei are found just below the Rhomboid fossa
the gracile and cuneate nuclei, of the DCML tract. Gracile is more medial than cuneate
What “bump” is found in the centre of the pontine portion of the rhomboid fossa?
It is formed by fibers from the facial motor nucleus of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)
The facial Colliculi
What is the bottom point of the rhomboid fossa?
The obex, a place where CSF can drain into the spinal chord
Vision fields: what would happen if there was a lesion in the parietal part of the left optic radiation?
Think opposites for optic radiation lesions:
It would be a Right Inferior homonymous Quadrantanopia
What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
supplies the Corpus Callosum and the medial
aspects of the hemispheres - eg Motor of Toes , Knees ,Hip, Trunk
and sensory of Genitals, Leg, Hip, trunk, neck
What does the middle cerebral artery supply?
– the largest of the terminal branches of the
Internal Carotid Artery, supplies the majority of the lateral surface of the
hemisphere and the deep structures of the anterior part of the cerebral
hemisphere via its ANTERIOR PERFORATING BRANCHES
eg motor of Tongue, face, eyes, nose, lips, hands, elbow, arms , abdomen
and sensory of throat tongue jaw , lips face yes, neck thumb
Which tracts carry unconscious proprioceptive information?
The Spinocerebellar tracts
Information carried from muscles to cerebellum
What do the tectospinal tracts do?
Do they decussate, are it is pyramidal or not
Coordinate movements of the head
head in relation to vision stimuli
Arise from Superior Colliculi
Decussate, Extrapyramidal
What structure separates the cerebellum from the occipital and temporal lobes
Tentorium cerebelli
What structures are found in the cavernous sinus?
Oculomotor nerve (CN III) Trochlear nerve (CN IV) Ophthalmic (V1) and maxillary (V2) branches of the trigeminal nerve Abducens nerve (CN VI) Internal Carotid Artery
O TOM CAT, where OTOM (oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic branch, maxillary branch) refers to the lateral wall contents from superior to inferior, and CAT (internal carotid artery, abducens nerve, trochlear nerve) refers to the horizontal contents, from medial to lateral.
Which layer of connective tissue surrounds the cavernous sinus?
Dura Mater
What does the Dosal column-medial lemniscus pathway transmit?
touch (tactile sensation), vibration and proprioception.
What makes up the lateral wall of the third ventricle?
The thalamus
What are association fibres?
– these link cortical regions within one Cerebral
Hemisphere
What are projection fibres?
these link the Cortex with subcortical structures such as
the Thalamus and Spinal Cord via the Internal Capsule and the Corona Radiata
eg the internal capsule
What is found lateral to the optic nerve and just below the lentiform nucleus
The amygdala
Just inferior to the amygdala is the hippocampus
Where is the claustrum found?
In between the external and extreme capsules,
It is a thin sheet of of grey matter found deep within the insula
What makes up the lateral wall of the LATERAL ventricles?
the caudate nucleus
What is the dark area of grey matter located anterior to the midbrain towards the region of the frontal lobe?
The caudate nucleus
What are the 4 tracts that run through the crus cerebri?
It is ANTEROLATERAL in the mid brain
Frontopontine fibres
Corticospinal fibres
Corticobulbar
Temporopontine fibres
What does the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve do?
Sensory of face from lower eyelid upwards.
From the superior orbital fissure
What does the Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve do?
Where does it exit?
Sensory innervation of face from lower eyelid down to the upper lid
From the foramen rotundum
What does the Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve do?
Where does it exit?
Sensory of face from below upper lid.
FUCKING MOTOR OF THE MUSLCES OF MASTICIATION!!!!!
JAW JERK REFLEX
Supplies the Tensor tympani muscle in the ear
From the foramen ovale
What does the Facial nerve do?
Where does it exit?
Sensory of the skin behind the ear
TASTE TO ANTERIOR 2/3 OF THE TONGUE
Parasympathetic to lacrimal, sublingual and submandibular glands
Innervates muscles of facial expression
A branch innervates the Stapedius muscle
What does the Glossopharyngeal nerve innervate?
Where does it exit?
General sensation AND special taste sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Sensation of the carotid body and sinus
Sensation of middle ear
Motor innervation to the parotid gland - salivation
Motor innervation to the Stylopharyngeus (assists in swallowing, elevates the pharynx)
Exits at the jugular foramen
what does the vagus nerve innervate?
where does it exit?
Sensory to the larynx and pharynx and thoracic and abdominal viscera
Taste from Epiglottis region of tongue
Motor innervation to the smooth muscles of the pharynx larynx and most of the GIT
What does the accessory nerve innervate?
Where does it exit?
Motor innervation to Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
Jugular foramina
What nerves exit at the jugular foramina?
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
What is the rostral nucleus in the cerebrum that appears blue and is involved in serotonergic/reward pathways in the brain?
the nucleus accumbens
What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
GABA
Glutamate
Define muscle tone
Muscle tone is the amount of tension (or resistance to movement) in muscles
where does the spinal chord end at birth?
What about in adulthood?
At birth it ends at L3
In adulthood it ends between L1 & L2
Axons in the dorsal cord convey afferent neurons (sensory)
Axons in the ventral cord convey efferent neurons (motor)
Where do you insert a lumbar puncture needle ? What meningeal layer?
Insert Lumbar puncture needle at L3/L4 into the Subarachnoid space to take CSF
What does the ligamentum flavum connect?
Connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae.
What does the interspinous ligament connect?
Connects the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
What does the supraspinous ligament connect?
Connects the tips of adjacent spinous processes.
features of vertebrae: what is the lamina? where is it found?
Lamina –
Connect Transverse and spinous processes
features of vertebrae: what is the articular processes? where is it found?
Articular Processes-
Forms joints between each vertebrae and the ones above and below - between Pedicles and the lamina
features of vertebrae: what is the pedicles? where is it found?
Pedicles -
Connect vertebral body to transverse process
List some feature of cervical vertebrae
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE - typical features 7 OF THEM!!!
- Bifurcating spinous processes (BUT NOT C1 OR C7) - Has TRANSVERSE FORAMINA - Opening in each transverse process, for vertebral arteries to go to brain - Has Triangular Vertebral foramen - Small Vertebral body
C1- atlas, C2 - axis
List some feature of thorasic vertebrae
THORACIC VERTEBRAE -typical features - 12 of them!!!
- increase in size from superior to inferior. - Their specialised function is to articulate with ribs, forming bony thorax - DEMI FACETS - above and below the vertebral body- articulate with the HEADS OF TWO DIFFERNET ribs - Spinous process PROJECTS INFERIORALLY - Vertebral foramen is circular, not triangular like in the cervical vertebrae - Costal facets - articuleates with the SHAFT OF RIBS
Thorasic vertebrae has greatest capacity for rotation
But is limited for flexion and most other movements compared with the lumbar and cervical spine.
What two things compose the intervertebral discs?
Intervertebral discs are composed of a central nuclear zone of collagen and hydrated proteoglycans (liquid) called the nucleus pulposus
which is surrounded by concentric lamellae of collagen fibres that compose the anulus fibrosus
COME FROM THE NOTOCHORD IN THE EMBRYO
what would a lesion in the left parietal optic radiation cause?
Right sided homonymous inferior quadrantanopia
middle meningeal artery: what would a rupture lead to?
Rupture to the middle
meningeal artery will lead to a collection of blood
between the skull and the outer layer of the dura.
EXTRA DURAL
Radiations in the Parietal loop are known as what loop?
Baum’s Loop
Radiations in the Temporal loop are known as what loop?
Meyers Loop
