Head, Neck Muscles Flashcards
What is the origin of sternocleidomastoid?
The manubrium of the sternum and the clavicle.
What is the insertion of sternocleidomastoid?
Mastoid process.
How many parathyroid glands are there?
4
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
Posterior surface of thyroid glands.
Name 3 functions of the larynx.
- Phonation.
- Cough reflex.
- Protection of the lower respiratory tract.
What is the epithelium of the vocal folds? and why?
Stratified squamous epithelium. This is more robust and can withstand the vibrations and wear and tear.
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply?
Motor innervation to intrinsic muscles of the larynx (except cricothyroid).
What does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve supply?
Sensory innervation to laryngopharynx and larynx.
What does the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve supply?
Motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle.
Name the 3 unpaired cartilages in the larynx
- Epiglottis (elastic cartilage).
- Thyroid (hyaline cartilage).
- Cricoid (hyaline cartilage).
What do the two sheets of thyroid cartilage form in the midline?
The laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple).
What do the superior horns of the thyroid cartilage articulate with?
The hyoid bone.
Name the 3 paired cartilages in the larynx.
- Arytenoid.
- Cuneiform.
- Corniculate.
Where are cuneiform cartilages located?
Within the ary-epiglottic folds. They strengthen the folds.
What is the space between the vocal cords called?
Rima glottidis.
What is the superior vestibular folds also known as?
False vocal folds.
What are the extrinsic muscles of the pharynx?
The suprahyoids, infrahyoids and stylopharyngeus.
What is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?
They move the larynx superiorly and inferiorly during swallowing.
Name the 4 infrahyoid muscles.
- Omohyoid (scapula to hyoid).
- Sternohyoid (sternum to hyoid).
- Sternothyroid (sternum to thyroid).
- Thyrohyoid (thyroid to hyoid).
What is the innervation of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve.
What intrinsic laryngeal muscle is not innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Cricothyroid.
What is the innervation of the cricothyroid muscle?
External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.
What is the function of the cricothyroid muscles?
Stretches and tenses the vocal cords. Important for the creation of speech.
What is the function of the thyroarytenoid muscles?
Relaxes the vocal ligament, allowing for a softer voice.
What nerve passes through the parotid gland?
The facial nerve - Cn 7.
What are the 5 branches of Cn 7.
- Temporal.
- Zygomatic.
- Buccal.
- Mandibular.
- Cervical.
Where does the pharynx extend from and to?
The base of the skull to the cricoid cartilage (C6).
What are the 3 sections of the pharynx called?
- Nasopharynx.
- Oropharynx.
- Laryngopharynx.
What is the function of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles?
They contract sequentially to propel food into the oesophagus.
What is the innervation of the pharyngeal constrictors?
The pharyngeal branch of the Vagus nerve.
What are the 3 longitudinal pharyngeal muscles called?
- Stylopharyngeus.
- Salpingopharyngeus.
- Palatopharyngeus
Where is the carotid sinus located?
At the bifurcation of the common carotid artery.
Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit the cranial cavity?
Through the jugular foramen.
What nerve supplies sensory and taste innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.
The glossopharyngeal nerve
What does elevation of the soft palate do?
It closes the orifice between the nasopharynx and oropharynx. This occurse during swallowing to prevent food refluxing into the nose. It also occurs in phonation.
What nerve supplies sensory sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
The trigeminal nerve, Cn 5.
What nerve supplies taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
The facial nerve, Cn 7.
What is the function of the tonsils?
The tonsils are a consolidation of lymphoid tissue. They prevent infection by stopping germs entering the mouth and nose.
Give 4 functions of the nasal cavity.
- Warms and humidifies air.
- Olfaction.
- Removes and traps pathogens.
- Drains and clears para-nasal sinuses.
What is the function of the nasal conchae?
They increase the SA of the nose and they disrupt the fast flow of air. This means the air spends more time in the nasal cavity so it can be humidified.
Why does the nose have a rich vascular supply?
This means it can change the humidity and temperature of inspired air.
Give 4 functions of the paranasal sinuses.
- Lighten the head.
- Warm and humidify air.
- Speech resonance.
- Protection against facial trauma.
Where does the Thyroid gland sit
C5/C6
What arteries supply blood to the thyroid?
Superior Thyroid artery - branch of the External carotid
Inferior thyroid artery - branch of the subclavian artery
What doe the sinuses drain into?
The Superior, middle and inferior Meatus.
they are the pockets of space found just underneath the Conche
what innervated the nasal cavity?
Maxillary nerve (CN5b)
Why is the maxillary sinus more prone to infection?
The opening into the nasal cavity is at the top of the sinus so it does not drain easily
What are the attachments of the muscles of the tongue?
The hyoid bone
What structure stops reflux of liquid into the nose during swallowing?
The soft palate
What is the function of the soft palate?
The function of the soft palate is to
control the orifice between the nasal and oral parts of the pharynx. Elevation of the soft palate
closes the orifice and this occurs during swallowing to stop reflux of food into the nasopharynx
and during phonation to allow the production of explosive consonants.
What is the function of the Eustachian tube?
To equalize the air pressure either side of the tympanic membrane
What provides taste sensation to the epiglottis?
Superior Laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus
