Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy EK Separated, and some extras > Abdomen, GI tract > Flashcards

Abdomen, GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the splanchnic nerves?

A

They provide sympathetic innervation to the foregut, midgut and hindgut.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What 2 vertical lines divide the abdomen into it’s 9 nine regions?

A

Mid-clavicular lines that extend to the mid-inguinal point.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What 2 horizontal lines divide the abdomen into it’s 9 nine regions?

A

Upper - Subcostal: joins lower costal margins.

Lower - Intertubercular: connects the iliac crests.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How would you draw the transpyloric plane?

Also known as plane of Addison.

A

Half way between the suprasternal notch and the pubic symphysis.

midway between the xiphisternum and the umbilicus.

Through the 9th costal cartilages, at level of L1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What vertebral level is the transpyloric plane found?

Also known as plane of Addison.

A

L1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name 5 structures found on the transpyloric plane

Also known as plane of Addison.

A
  1. Pylorus of stomach.
  2. Fundus of gall bladder.
  3. Pancreas.
  4. Hilum of Kidneys.
  5. Duodenojejunal flexure.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How would you draw the transtubercular plane?

A

pass through the iliac tubercles, small elevations found in the iliac crest of the iliac bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What vertebral level is the transtubercular plane found at?

A

L4. (Same level as the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the intercristal plane?

A

It joins the highest points of the pelvis at the back.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What vertebral level is the intercristal plane found at? Why is this important?

A

Between the L4 and L5 vertebrae. This is important for lumbar punctures and epidurals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is McBurney’s point?

A

2/3 of the way along a line extending from the umbilicus to the right anterior superior iliac spine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the significance of McBurney’s point?

A

Marks the base of the appendix and can act as a guide for the location of the caecum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name the 3 flat muscles of the Abdominal wall.

A
  1. External Oblique.
  2. Internal Oblique.
  3. Transversus Abdominis.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In what direction do the fibres of the flat muscles run in?

A
  1. External oblique - inferiorly and medially (down and in).
  2. Internal oblique - superiorly and medially (up and in).
  3. Transversus abdominis - transversely.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the origin of external oblique?

A

Lower 8 ribs and thoraco-lumbar fascia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the insertion of external oblique?

A

Pubic crest, pubic tubercle, iliac crest and linea alba.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the origin of internal oblique?

A

Thoraco-lumbar fascia, iliac crest, lateral 1/2 of the inguinal ligament.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the insertion of internal oblique?

A

Linea alba, pubic tubercle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name 5 structures contained within the rectus sheath.

A
  1. Rectus Abdominis.
  2. Sup and inf epigastric arteries.
  3. Sup and inf epigastric veins.
  4. Nerves.
  5. Lymphatics.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the inferior epigastric artery a branch of?

A

The external iliac artery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the internal thoracic artery a branch of? And what does it supply?

A

It is a branch of the subclavian artery and it supplies the anterior chest and abdominal wall and also the breasts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the dermatomes of the abdominal wall?

A

T7 to L1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the epithelium lining of the abdominal cavity?

A

Simple squamous epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

What is it filled with?

A

A potential space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum. It is filled with peritoneal fluid.

which consists of water, electrolytes, leukocytes and antibodies. This fluid acts as a lubricant, enabling free movement of the abdominal viscera, and the antibodies in the fluid fight infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a retroperitoneal organ

A

An organ that only has it’s anterior surface covered by peritoneum. These organs lie behind the peritoneum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Name 6 retroperitoneal organs.

A

Duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, pancreas, oesophagus, kidneys. (DADPOK).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is an intraperitoneal organ

A

An organ fully covered in visceral peritoneum. It is suspended in the peritoneal cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Name 6 intraperitoneal organs.

A

Sigmoid colon, appendix, liver, transverse colon, stomach, small intestine. (SALTSS).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What connects the lesser sac to the greater sac?

A

The epiploic foramen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does the lesser omentum attach to?

A

It extends from the liver and attaches to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the first part of the duodenum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

The greater omentum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe the position and folding of the greater omentum in the peritoneal cavity.

A

It hangs down like an apron and then folds back on itself meaning there are 4 layers. The posterior 2 layers go on to enclose the transverse colon (transverse mesocolon) and then form the parietal peritoneum of the posterior abdominal wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is it called when the peritoneal cavity becomes distended by fluid?

A

Ascites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What embryological structure forms the ligamentum teres?

A

The umbilical vein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What connects the jejunum to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Small intestine mesentery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What parts of the large intestine are intraperitoneal?

A

The transverse and sigmoid colon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Define lesser sac.

A

The lesser sac lies posterior to the stomach and lesser omentum. It allows the stomach to move freely against the structures posterior and inferior to it.
It communicates with the greater sac through the epiploic foramen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What structures lie posteriorly to the stomach?

A

Pancreas, diaphragm, splenic artery and vein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Name the 4 main regions of the stomach.

A
  1. Cardia.
  2. Fundus.
  3. Body.
  4. Pylorus.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the folds of the internal stomach surface called?

A

Rugae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Name the 2 sphincters of the stomach.

A
  1. Inferior oesophageal sphincter.

2. Pyloric sphincter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

Controls the exit of chyme from the stomach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What vertebral level is the coeliac trunk found?

A

T12.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where does the foregut begin and end?

A

The mouth to the 2nd part of the duodenum (major duodenal papilla).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the blood supply to the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

The short gastrics, and the right and left gastro-epiploic arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the blood supply to the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

The lesser curvature of the stomach is supplied by the left and right gastric artery, which are branches of the celiac trunk and the common hepatic artery respectively.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the right gastro-epiploic artery a branch of?

A

It is the terminal branch of the gastroduodenal artery, this arises from the common hepatic artery which arises from the coeliac trunk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the left gastro-epiploic artery a branch of?

A

The splenic artery which arises from the coeliac trunk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What vein does venous blood from the GI tract, liver and spleen drain into?

A

The hepatic portal vein (goes to the liver).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What supplies sympathetic innervation to the stomach (foregut)?

A

The greater splanchnic nerve (T5-T9).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What supplies parasympathetic innervation to the stomach (foregut)?

A

The Vagus nerve Cn 10.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Is contraction of the stomach sphincters a sympathetic or parasympathetic action?

A

Sympathetic. (Parasympathetic = rest and digest).

53
Q

At what vertebral level does the oesophagus pass through the stomach?

A

T10.

54
Q

What structures pass through the diaphragm along side the oesophagus?

A

Vagus nerves and the oesophageal arteries and veins.

55
Q

What does the left gastric artery supply?

A

The superior part of the lesser curvature of the stomach.

56
Q

What is the principle function of the small intestine?

A

Digestion and absorption of food.

57
Q

What are the folds of mucosa inside the small intestine called?

A

Plicae circulares.

58
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

Large, sub-mucosal, lymph nodules.

59
Q

Where in the small intestine would you find Peyer’s patches?

A

Ileum.

60
Q

Is the duodenum intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

1st and 4th parts are Intraperitoneal, 2nd and 3rd parts are Retroperitoneal.

61
Q

Would you describe the jejunum and ileum as intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal.

62
Q

Which has a thicker intestinal wall, the jejunum or the ileum?

A

Jejunum.

63
Q

Describe 5 characteristics of the Jejunum.

A
  1. Thick intestinal walls.
  2. Longer vasa recta.
  3. Less arterial arcades.
  4. Pronounced plicae circulares.
  5. Red in colour
64
Q

Describe 5 characteristics of the Ileum.

A
  1. Thin intestinal walls.
  2. Shorter vasa recta.
  3. More arterial arcades.
  4. Peyer’s patches.
  5. Pink in colour.
65
Q

Where does the mid-gut begin and end?

A

3rd part of duodenum to 2/3 along the transverse colon.

66
Q

What is the blood supply to the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery (L1).

67
Q

Name 3 major branches of the SMA.

A
  1. Ileo-colic.
  2. Right colic.
  3. Middle colic.
68
Q

What does the right colic artery supply?

A

The ascending colon.

69
Q

What does the middle colic artery supply?

A

The transverse colon.

70
Q

Into which vein does blood from the jejunum and ileum drain and what is the final destination of the blood?

A

Drains into the superior mesenteric vein.

This vein combines with the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein which then goes on to the liver.

71
Q

What is the innervation of the small intestine?

A

Sympathetic: Lesser splanchnic (T10-11). Parasympathetic: Vagus. No somatic innervation.

72
Q

Name 4 mechanisms that ensure a high surface area for absorption of nutrients in the intestine.

A
  1. Pliae circularis.
  2. Coiled length.
  3. Villi.
  4. Microvilli.
73
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine?

A

Water absorption and the formation of faeces.

74
Q

State whether the caecum is intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal and describe the blood supply and venous drainage.

A
  • Intraperitoneal.
  • Ileocolic artery.
  • Ileocolic vein; drains into superior mesenteric vein.
75
Q

State whether the ascending colon is intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal and describe the blood supply and venous drainage.

A
  • Retroperitoneal.
  • Ileocolic and right colic arteries.
  • Ileocolic and right colic veins.
76
Q

State whether the transverse colon is intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal and describe the blood supply and venous drainage.

A
  • Intraperitoneal.
  • Middle colic artery.
  • Superior mesenteric vein.
77
Q

State whether the descending colon is intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal and describe the blood supply and venous drainage.

A
  • Retroperitoneal.
  • Left colic and superior sigmoid arteries.
  • Inferior mesenteric vein.
78
Q

State whether the sigmoid colon is intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal and describe the blood supply and venous drainage.

A
  • Intraperitoneal.
  • Sigmoid arteries.
  • Inferior mesenteric vein.
79
Q

What vertebral level is the inferior mesenteric artery found at?

A

L3.

80
Q

Name 3 characteristic features of the large intestine that allow it to be distinguished from other abdominal organs.

A
  1. Haustrations.
  2. Tenia coli.
  3. Appendices epiploicae.
81
Q

What are appendices epiploicae?

A

Small pouches of peritoneum filled with fat. They mark where blood vessels enter the bowel to supply the mucosa.

82
Q

What are tenia coli?

A

3 strips of longitudinally running muscle on the outer surface of the large intestine.

83
Q

What are haustrations?

A

Sacculations produced from where the tenia coli contract to shorten the wall of the bowel.

84
Q

Where does the hind gut begin and end?

A

Distal 1/3 of the transverse colon to the anal canal.

85
Q

What is the innervation of the hind gut?

A

Sympathetic: least splanchnic nerve (T12). Parasympathetic: S2-4. No somatic innervation

86
Q

What artery normally supplies the descending colon?

A

The left colic artery.

87
Q

Name the intraperitoneal parts of the large intestine.

A

Caecum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon.

88
Q

What are the 3 major branches of the Coeliac trunk?

A

The left gastric, the splenic and the common hepatic.

89
Q

What does the left gastric artery supply

A

The lesser curvature of the stomach and lower oesophagus.

90
Q

What branches does the splenic artery give off?

A
  • The short gastric arteries.
  • The pancreatic arteries.
  • The left gastroepiploic artery.
  • 5 branches just before it reaches the Spleen.
91
Q

What do the short gastric arteries supply?

A

The greater curvature of the stomach.

92
Q

What does the left gastroepiploic artery supply? What does anastomose with?

A

It supplies the greater curvature of the stomach. It anastomoses with the right gastroepiploic artery.

93
Q

Name the 2 branches of the common hepatic artery.

A
  1. Proper hepatic artery.

2. Gastroduodenal artery

94
Q

Name the 2 branches of the Gastroduodenal artery.

A
  1. Right gastroepiploic artery (supplies greater curvature of the stomach).
  2. Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (supplies head of pancreas).
95
Q

Name the 2 branches of the proper hepatic artery?

A
  1. Right hepatic artery.
  2. Left hepatic artery.

The cystic artery comes off the right hepatic artery

96
Q

What does the right gastric artery supply

A

The lesser curvature of the stomach.

97
Q

What is a branch of the right hepatic artery?

A

The cystic artery (supplies the gall bladder).

98
Q

Name the 4 divisions of the Duodenum.

A
  1. Superior.
  2. Descending.
  3. Inferior.
  4. Ascending.
99
Q

Is the duodenum retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

The duodenal cap is intraperitoneal but the rest of the duodenum is retroperitoneal.

100
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

In an adult it functions mainly as a blood filter, removing old RBC’s from circulation.

101
Q

Is the spleen intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

102
Q

What is the embryological significance of the major duodenal papilla?

A

It marks the junction between the foregut and the midgut.

103
Q

What is the importance of the plicae circularis?

A

They increase the intestinal SA available for absorption.

104
Q

What is the dermatome of the umbilicus?

A

T10.

105
Q

What is the appendicular artery a branch of?

A

The ileocolic artery (branch of SMA).

106
Q

what is the action of the rectus abdominus

A

flexes the spine

107
Q

What is the level of the umbilicus (belly button)

A

L3-L4

108
Q

Cells of Stomach what do chief cells secrete?

A

pepsinogen and gastric lipase

109
Q

Cells of Stomach what do Parietal cells secrete?

A

Hcl and Intrinsic factor

110
Q

Cells of Stomach what do G cells secrete?

A

gastrin, in the antrum of stomach

111
Q

Cells of Stomach what do D cells secrete?

A

Somatostain, stops gastrin , common in antrum

112
Q

Cells of Duodenum what do I cells secrete?

A

Chloecystokinin CCK, which stimulates gall bladder contraction

113
Q

Cells of Duodenum what do S cells secrete?

A

secretin , which trigger HCO3- secretion

114
Q

Cells of stomach what do Enterchromafin- like cells secrete?

A

Enterochromaffin- like cells (ECF) - Secrete Histamine (it’s a great mediator of Gastric Secretion)

115
Q

Cells of stomach , what do foveolar cells secrete? where are they in the stomach

A

Foveolar cells - Secret Mucous (made of water and Glycoproteins). Found in the cardiac notch

116
Q

Rectus Sheath: What are the anterior and posterior boarders ABOVE the arcuate line?

( The arcuate line occurs about half of the distance from the umbilicus to the pubic crest, but this varies from person to person.)

A

The anterior layer is derived from the external oblique aponeurosis and the anterior lamina of the internal oblique aponeurosis.
The posterior layer is made up of the posterior lamina of the internal oblique aponeurosis and the transversus abdominis aponeurosis.

117
Q

Rectus Sheath: What are the anterior and posterior boarders BELOW the arcuate line?

( The arcuate line occurs about half of the distance from the umbilicus to the pubic crest, but this varies from person to person.)

A

Inferior to the arcuate line, the aponeuroses of the external oblique muscle, the internal oblique muscle, and the transversus abdominis muscle merge and pass superficial to the rectus abdominis muscle.
Therefore, inferior to the arcuate line, the rectus abdominis rests directly on the transversalis fascia.

118
Q

What is the cotnents of the rectus sheath?

A

Inferior epigastric artery
Inferior and superior epigastric vein
The rectus abdominis muslce
lymphatics

119
Q

What is the innervation of the kidneys?

A

The sympathetic plexus, T10-T12

120
Q

What is the epithelial linig of the abdominal cavity

A

Simple squamous epithelium

121
Q

What structure attaches the stomach to the liver?

A

The hepatogastric ligament extends between the liver and stomach. It consists of two layers that are continuous with the posterior leaf of the left triangular ligament and the right coronary ligament.

122
Q

What artery is at risk if someone has peptic ulcers?

A

The gastroduodenal artery,

as it is by the first part of the duodenum, just after the pyloric sphincter which is prone to peptic ulceration

123
Q

jejunum or ileum: where are plicae circulairs more pronounced?

A

jejunum

124
Q

What lies between the pancreas and the stomach?

A

The lesser sac

125
Q

What is the short gastric arteries a branch of?

A

Terminal splenic, and left gastro-epiploic

126
Q

What is the structure of the muscle fibres in the upper and lower part of the oesophagus? what is the significance of this?

A

Upper portion of the oesophagus has voluntary (striated) fibres (1)

  • Lower portion of the oesophagus has involuntary (smooth) fibres (1).
  • (The middle third has a mixture of these).
127
Q

What part of the embryo folds to form the epithelial lining of the GI tract?

A

Endoderm!

128
Q

What are the parts of the bowel with mesentery ?

A

jejunum, ileum, transverse colon

and sigmoid colon

129
Q

What are the parts of the bowel without mesentery ?

A

the duodenum,

caecum, ascending colon, descending colon and rectum.

Anatomy EK Separated, and some extras (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions