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FA - Neurology > Neuro - Anat & Phys (Hypothalamus, Sleep, & Posterior Pituitary) > Flashcards

Neuro - Anat & Phys (Hypothalamus, Sleep, & Posterior Pituitary) Flashcards

Pg. 450-451 in First Aid 2014 Pg. 414-415 in First Aid 2013 Sections include: -Hypothalamus -Sleep Physiology -Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis)

1
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

The hypothalamus wears TAN HATS - Thirst and water balance, Adenohypophysis control (regulates anterior pituitary), Neurohypophysis releases hormones produced in the hypothalamus, Hunger, Autonomic regulation, Temperature regulation, Sexual urges.

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2
Q

Which are the inputs into the hypothalamus through areas not protected by the blood-brain barrier? What is the function/relevance of each of these inputs?

A

Inputs (areas not protected by blood-brain barrier): (1) OVLT (organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis; senses change in osmolarity), (2) Area postrema (responds to emetics)

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3
Q

What makes ADH?

A

Supraoptic nucleus (of hypothalamus) makes ADH

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4
Q

What makes oxytoxin?

A

Paraventricular nucleus (of hypothalamus) makes oxytocin

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5
Q

What do ADH & oxytoxin have in common?

A

ADH and oxytocin: made by hypothalamus but stored & released by posterior pituitary

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6
Q

What part of the brain is associated with hunger?

A

Lateral area of hypothalamus

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7
Q

What function is associated with the lateral area of hypothalamus? What happens if you destruct this area?

A

Hunger; Destruction –> anorexia, failure to thrive (infants); Think: “If you zap your LATERAL nucleus, you shrink LATERLly”

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8
Q

What part of the brain is associated with satiety?

A

Ventromedial area of hypothalamus

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9
Q

What function is associated with the ventromedial area of hypothalamus? What happens if you destruct this area? Give an example of such destruction.

A

Satiety. Destruction (e.g., craniopharyngioma) –> hyperphagia; Think: “If you zap your VENTROMEDIAL nucleus, you grow VENTRALly and MEDIALly.”

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10
Q

What parts and functions of the brain does leptin affect, and how?

A

Lateral area (Hunger) - Inhibited by leptin; Ventromedial area (Satiety) - Stimulated by leptin

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11
Q

What function(s) is/are associated with the Anterior hypothalamus?

A

Cooling, Parasympathetic; Think: “Anterior nucleus = cool off (cooling, pArasympathetic). A/C = anterior cooling.”

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12
Q

What function(s) is/are associated with the Posterior hypothalamus?

A

Heating, sympathetic; Think: “Posterior nucleus = get fired up (heating, sympathetic). If you zap your Posterior hypothalamus, you become a Poikilotherm (cold-blooded, like a snake)”

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13
Q

What part of the brain is associated with circadian rhythm?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus; Think: “you need SLEEP to be CHARISMATIC (chiasmatic).”

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14
Q

What regulates the sleep cycle? What drives this regulator?

A

Sleep cycle is regulated by the circadian rhythm, which is driven by SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) of hypothalamus

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15
Q

What are the 4 substances that Circardian rhythm releases, and under what conditions?

A

Circadian rhythm controls nocturnal release of ACTH, prolactin, melatonin, and norepinephrine

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16
Q

What regulates SCN? What events connect SCN with melatonin?

A

SCN is regulated by environment (e.g., light); Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) –> norepinephrine release –> pineal gland –> melatonin

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17
Q

What are the two stages of sleep physiology?

A

Two stages: rapid-eye movement (REM) and non-REM.

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18
Q

What causes extraocular movements during REM sleep?

A

Extraocular movements during REM sleep due to activity of PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation/conjugate gaze center).

19
Q

How often does REM sleep occur? How does it progress through the night?

A

REM sleep occurs every 90 minutes, and duration increase through the night.

20
Q

What are 3 drugs associated with decreased REM sleep and delta wave sleep?

A

(1) Alcohol, (2) Benzodiazepines, and (3) Barbiturates are associated with decreased REM sleep and delta wave sleep

21
Q

What effect does norepinephrine have on REM sleep?

A

Norepinephrine also decrease REM sleep

22
Q

What is the preferred drug for treat bedwetting? What substance does this drug mimic? What is another name for bedwetting? What is a less preferred drug for treating bedwetting, and why?

A

Treat bedwetting (sleep enuresis) with oral desmopressin acetate (DDAVP), which mimics ADH; Preferred over imipramine because of the latter’s adverse effects

23
Q

For what 2 sleep-related conditions are Benzodiazepines useful?

A

Benzodiazepines are useful for night terrors and sleepwalking

24
Q

Name the 4 major sleep stages.

A

(1) Awake (eyes open) (2) Awake (eyes closed) (3) Non-REM sleep (4) REM sleep

25
Q

Describe the Awake sleep stage.

A

Alert, active mental concentration

26
Q

What is the EEG waveform in Awake (eyes open) versus Awake (eyes closed) sleep stages?

A

Awake (eyes open): Beta (highest frequency, lowest amplitude); Awake (eyes closed): Alpha

27
Q

Which EEG waveform has the highest frequency and lowest amplitude? With what sleep stage is it associated?

A

Beta (highest frequency, lowest amplitude); Awake (eyes open)

28
Q

What are the stages of Non-REM sleep? What percentage of total sleep time do young adults spend in each?

A

(1) Stage N1 (5%) (2) Stage N2 (45%) (3) Stage N3 (25%)

29
Q

Describe Stage N1 Non-REM sleep. What is its EEG waveform?

A

Light sleep; Theta

30
Q

Describe Stage N2 Non-REM sleep. What is (are) its EEG waveform(s)?

A

Deeper sleep, when bruxism occurs; Sleep spindles and K complexes

31
Q

During which sleep stage does Bruxism occur?

A

Stage N2 of Non-REM sleep

32
Q

Describe Stage N3 Non-REM sleep. What is (are) its EEG waveform(s)?

A

Deepest non-REM sleep (slow-wave sleep); when sleepwalking, night terrors, and bedwetting occur; Delta (lowest frequency, highest amplitude)

33
Q

In what sleep stage does sleepwalking occur? What are 2 other occurrences during this sleep stage?

A

Stage N3 Non-REM sleep; when sleepwalking, night terrors, and bedwetting occur

34
Q

Which EEG waveform has the lowest frequency and highest amplitude? With what sleep stage is it associated?

A

Delta (lowest frequency, highest amplitude); Stage N3 Non-REM sleep

35
Q

What percentage of total sleep time do young adults spend in REM sleep?

A

REM sleep (25%)

36
Q

Describe REM sleep. What is (are) its EEG waveform(s)?

A

Loss of motor tone, increased brain O2 use, increased and variable pulse and blood pressure; when dreaming and penile/clitoral tumescence occur; may serve a memory processing function; Beta

37
Q

In what sleep stage does dreaming occur? What other significant events occur in this sleeps stage?

A

REM sleep; When dreaming and penile/clitoral tumescence occur; May serve a memory processing function

38
Q

Name the sleep stages and their EEG waveforms.

A

(1) Awake (eyes open) - Beta (highest frequency, lowest amplitude) (2) Awake (eyes closed) - Alpha (3) Non-REM Stage N1 - Theta (4) Non-REM Stage N2 - Sleep spindles and K complexes (5) Non-REM Stage N3 - Delta (lowest frequency, highest amplitude) (6) REM sleep - Beta; Think: “at night, BATS Drink Blood”

39
Q

Draw the waves (relatively) of the sleep stages.

A

See p. 451 in First Aid 2014 for visual.

40
Q

What axonal projections does the posterior pituitary receive?

A

Receives hypothalamic axonal projections from supraoptic (ADH) and paraventricular (oxytocin) nuclei

41
Q

What makes ADH?

A

Supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

42
Q

What makes oxytocin?

A

Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

43
Q

What are alternative names for the anterior and posterior pituitaries?

A

Anterior pituitary = Adenohypophysis; Posterior pituitary = Neurohypophysis

44
Q

Use the roots of the word “oxytocin” to remember its function.

A

Oxytocin: oxys = quick; tocos = birth

FA - Neurology (30 decks)

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