Neuro - Anat & Phys (Eye Anatomy & Common Conditions)

Question 1

Draw a visual of the eye and label the structures in the Anterior segment of the eye, including: (1) Anterior chamber (2) Posterior chamber (3) Dilator pupillae (4) Sphincter pupillae (5) Pupil (6) Cornea (7) Iris (8) Capsule of lens (9) Lens (10) Canal of Schlemm (11) Limbus (12) Zonular fibers (13) Ciliary body (14) Ciliary muscle (15) Ciliary process (16) Anterior segment.

Answer 1

See visual on p. 476 in First Aid 2014

Question 2

Draw a visual of the eye and label the structures in the Posterior segment of the eye, including: (1) Vitreous chamber (posterior segment) (2) Sclera (3) Choroid (4) Retina (5) Fovea centralis (6) Optic disc (7) CN II (optic) (8) Central retinal artery (9) Hyaloid canal (10) Ora serrata (12) Central retinal vein.

Answer 2

See visual on p. 476 in First Aid 2014

Question 3

What do refractive errors cause, and how are they resolved?

Answer 3

Impaired vision that improves with glasses

Question 4

What is hyperopia, and what effect does it have?

Answer 4

Eye too short for refractive power of cornea and lens –> light focused behind retina

Question 5

What is myopia, and what effect does it have?

Answer 5

Eye too long for refractive power of cornea and lens –> light focused in front of retina

Question 6

What is astigmatism, and what effect does it have?

Answer 6

Abnormal curvature of cornea resulting in different refractive power at different axes

Question 7

What is presbyopia, and what causes it?

Answer 7

Decrease in focusing ability during accommodation due to sclerosis and decreased elasticity

Question 8

What is uveitis, and what signs/symptoms are associated with it?

Answer 8

Inflammation of anterior uvea and iris, with hypophon (sterile pus), accompanied by conjunctival redness.

Question 9

With what kind of disorders is uveitis often associated? What are examples of such disorders?

Answer 9

Often associated with systemic inflammatory disorder (e.g., sarcoid, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, TB, HLA-B27-associated conditions)

Question 10

What is retinitis, and what effect does it have?

Answer 10

Retinal edema and necrosis leading to scar.

Question 11

What is often the cause of retinitis?

Answer 11

Often viral (CMV, HSV, HZV).

Question 12

With what other condition is retinitis associated?

Answer 12

Associated with immunosuppression

Question 13

What 3 major signs/symptoms are associated with central retinal artery occlusion?

Answer 13

(1) Acute, painless monocular vision loss. (2) Retina cloudy with attenuated vessels and (3) “cherry-red” spot at the fovea.

Question 14

What is retinal vein occlusion, and what causes it?

Answer 14

Blockage of central or branch retinal vein due to compression from nearby arterial atherosclerosis.

Question 15

What are 2 signs/symptoms apparent in the area affected by retinal vein occlusion?

Answer 15

(1) Retinal hemorrhage and (2) edema in affected area.

Question 16

What is diabetic retinopathy, and what causes it?

Answer 16

Retinal damage due to chronic hyperglycemia

Question 17

What are the types of diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 17

Two types: (1) Non-proliferative (2) Proliferative

Question 18

What sequence of events/processes characterize non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy? What effects does it have?

Answer 18

Non-proliferative - damaged capillaries leak blood –> lipids and fluid seep into retina –> hemorrhages and macular edema

Question 19

What causes proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and what effects does it have?

Answer 19

Proliferative - chronic hypoxia results in new blood vessel formation with resultant traction on retina

Question 20

What is the treatment for non-proliferative versus proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 20

NON-PROLIFERATIVE - Treatment: blood sugar control, macular laser ; PROLIFERATIVE - Treatment: peripheral retinal photocoagulation, anti-VEGF injections

Question 21

What role does the ciliary epithelium (Beta) play in the aqueous humor pathway?

Answer 21

Produces aqueous humor

Question 22

What role does the Canal of Schlemm play in the aqueous humor pathway?

Answer 22

Collects aqueous humor from trabecular meshwork

Question 23

What role does the Trabecular meshwork play in the aqueous humor pathway?

Answer 23

Collects aqueous humor that flows through anterior chamber

Question 24

Draw a visual with arrows depicting the flow of aqueous humor and labels for the following structures: (1) Anterior chamber (2) Canal of Schlemm (3) Ciliary epithelium (Beta) (4) Ciliary muscle (M3) (5) Dilator (alpha 1) (6) Posterior chamber (7) Sphincter (M3) (8) Trabecular meshwork (9) Sclera (10) Cornea (11) Iris (12) Lens.

Answer 24

See p. 478 in First Aid 2014 for visual at top of page

Question 25

Which type of autonomic receptor is associated with each of the following structures of the eye: (1) Ciliary epithelium (2) Ciliary muscle (3) Dilator (4) Sphincter.

Answer 25

(1) Beta (2) M3 (3) Alpha 1 (4) M3