Neuro - Anat & Phys (Eye Anatomy & Common Conditions) Flashcards
Pg. 475-478 in First Aid 2014 Sections include: -Eye and retina -Common eye conditions -Aqueuos humor pathway
Draw a visual of the eye and label the structures in the Anterior segment of the eye, including: (1) Anterior chamber (2) Posterior chamber (3) Dilator pupillae (4) Sphincter pupillae (5) Pupil (6) Cornea (7) Iris (8) Capsule of lens (9) Lens (10) Canal of Schlemm (11) Limbus (12) Zonular fibers (13) Ciliary body (14) Ciliary muscle (15) Ciliary process (16) Anterior segment.
See visual on p. 476 in First Aid 2014
Draw a visual of the eye and label the structures in the Posterior segment of the eye, including: (1) Vitreous chamber (posterior segment) (2) Sclera (3) Choroid (4) Retina (5) Fovea centralis (6) Optic disc (7) CN II (optic) (8) Central retinal artery (9) Hyaloid canal (10) Ora serrata (12) Central retinal vein.
See visual on p. 476 in First Aid 2014
What do refractive errors cause, and how are they resolved?
Impaired vision that improves with glasses
What is hyperopia, and what effect does it have?
Eye too short for refractive power of cornea and lens –> light focused behind retina
What is myopia, and what effect does it have?
Eye too long for refractive power of cornea and lens –> light focused in front of retina
What is astigmatism, and what effect does it have?
Abnormal curvature of cornea resulting in different refractive power at different axes
What is presbyopia, and what causes it?
Decrease in focusing ability during accommodation due to sclerosis and decreased elasticity
What is uveitis, and what signs/symptoms are associated with it?
Inflammation of anterior uvea and iris, with hypophon (sterile pus), accompanied by conjunctival redness.
With what kind of disorders is uveitis often associated? What are examples of such disorders?
Often associated with systemic inflammatory disorder (e.g., sarcoid, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, TB, HLA-B27-associated conditions)
What is retinitis, and what effect does it have?
Retinal edema and necrosis leading to scar.
What is often the cause of retinitis?
Often viral (CMV, HSV, HZV).
With what other condition is retinitis associated?
Associated with immunosuppression
What 3 major signs/symptoms are associated with central retinal artery occlusion?
(1) Acute, painless monocular vision loss. (2) Retina cloudy with attenuated vessels and (3) “cherry-red” spot at the fovea.
What is retinal vein occlusion, and what causes it?
Blockage of central or branch retinal vein due to compression from nearby arterial atherosclerosis.
What are 2 signs/symptoms apparent in the area affected by retinal vein occlusion?
(1) Retinal hemorrhage and (2) edema in affected area.
What is diabetic retinopathy, and what causes it?
Retinal damage due to chronic hyperglycemia
What are the types of diabetic retinopathy?
Two types: (1) Non-proliferative (2) Proliferative
What sequence of events/processes characterize non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy? What effects does it have?
Non-proliferative - damaged capillaries leak blood –> lipids and fluid seep into retina –> hemorrhages and macular edema
What causes proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and what effects does it have?
Proliferative - chronic hypoxia results in new blood vessel formation with resultant traction on retina
What is the treatment for non-proliferative versus proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
NON-PROLIFERATIVE - Treatment: blood sugar control, macular laser ; PROLIFERATIVE - Treatment: peripheral retinal photocoagulation, anti-VEGF injections
What role does the ciliary epithelium (Beta) play in the aqueous humor pathway?
Produces aqueous humor
What role does the Canal of Schlemm play in the aqueous humor pathway?
Collects aqueous humor from trabecular meshwork
What role does the Trabecular meshwork play in the aqueous humor pathway?
Collects aqueous humor that flows through anterior chamber
Draw a visual with arrows depicting the flow of aqueous humor and labels for the following structures: (1) Anterior chamber (2) Canal of Schlemm (3) Ciliary epithelium (Beta) (4) Ciliary muscle (M3) (5) Dilator (alpha 1) (6) Posterior chamber (7) Sphincter (M3) (8) Trabecular meshwork (9) Sclera (10) Cornea (11) Iris (12) Lens.
See p. 478 in First Aid 2014 for visual at top of page