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Step 1 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Gyri of the frontal lobe

A

Precental, frontal eye field, and Broca’s area

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2
Q

Precentral Gyrus

A

Found in the frontal lobe, contains the primary motor cortex

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3
Q

Frontal eye field

A

found in the frontal lobe, responsible for eye movement. Damage to this area will cause a gaze deviation to the ipsilateral side.

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4
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Found in the frontal lobe, responsible for the motor component of speech

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5
Q

Gyri of the parietal lobe

A

Post central gyrus, Angular gyrus

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6
Q

Post Central Gyrus

A

Found in the parietal lobe, primary somatosensory cortex

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7
Q

Angular gyrus

A

found in the parietal lobe, damage to the dominant side will cause Gerstmann’s syndrome and damage to the nondominant side will cause hemispatial neglect

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8
Q

Gerstmann’s syndrome

A

Damage to the dominant angular gyrus

  • Trouble with math
  • Can’t identify fingers
  • Can’t distinguish left from right
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9
Q

Important structures and gyri within the temporal lobe

A

Superior temporal gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala, uncus, and fusiform gyrus

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10
Q

Superior temporal gyrus

A

anteriorly contains the primary auditory cortex, posteriorly contains Wernicke’s area

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11
Q

Hippocampus

A

found within the temporal lobe, responsible for memory formation

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12
Q

Amygdala

A

found within the temporal lobe, responsible for emotional regulation and decision making

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13
Q

Uncus

A

found on the medial portion of the temporal lobe, most likely to compress on CNIII

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14
Q

Fusiform gyrus

A

Found on the temporal lobe, responsible for facial recognition

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15
Q

Posterior limb of the internal capsule

A

Anterior 2/3rds contains motor fibers of the corticospinal tract
Posterior third contains sensory fibers of the thalamocortical tract

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16
Q

Genu of the internal capsule

A

Contains motor fibers of the corticobulbar tract

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17
Q

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus pathway

A

Vibration and proprioception

  • Ascends in either the fasiculus gracilus (LE) or fasculus cuneatus (UE)
  • 1st Synapse at the ipsilateral medulla in either the nucleus gracilus or cuneatus
  • Decusates at the level of the medulla to the medial lemniscus pathway
  • Second Synapse at the VPL of the thalamus then goes to the primary somatosensory cortex
  • Pathway is damaged in B12 deficiency and tertiary syphilis
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18
Q

Romberg Test

A

Test to determine if damage is in the DCML or cerebellum.

If patient closes their eyes while standing and loses their balance, indicates that they have a DCML lesion.

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19
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

Pain and temp
1st synapse at the ipsilateral posterior grey horn
Decusates at that level via the anterior white commisure
Ascends contralaterally in the later white matter
2nd synapse at the VPL of the thalamus
Continues to the primary somatosensory cortex

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20
Q

Syringomyelia

A

Compression of the anterior white commisure by CSF pocket

loss of pain and temp bilaterally at the levels involved.

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21
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

Starts at the primary motor cortex
Descends through the internal capsule
Decusates at the medullary pyramids
Continues down via the posterior lateral white matter
1st Synapse at the anterior grey horn
motor neuron leaves through anterior root

Anterior grey horn is damage in Polio

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22
Q

PaCO2 effect on cerebral blood flow

A

Low paCO2 causes cerebral vasocontriction and decreased ICP

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23
Q

ICH in neonates

A

Germinal matrix hemorrhage

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24
Q

Kluver Bucy Syndrome

A

Bilateral damage to amygdala

Hyperphagia, hyperorality, hypersexuality

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25
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

A

Input: optic nerve
Sight
Output: Occipital lobe

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26
Q

medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

A

Input: auditory pathway
Hearing
Output: auditory corex

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27
Q

Ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus

A

Input: spinothalamic and dorsal column
Pain, temp, vibration, proprioception
Output: Primary sensory cortex

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28
Q

Ventral posteromedial nucleus thalamus

A

Taste and trigeminal pathways
Taste and sensation from the face
Primary sensory cortex

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29
Q

Ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus

A

Cerebellum and basal ganglia
Motor info
Motor cortex

30
Q

Anterior hypothalamiuc nucleus

A

Decreases body temp in states of hyperthermia

31
Q

Posterior hypothalamic nucleus

A

Increases body temp in cases of hypothermia

32
Q

Lateral hypothalamic nucleus

A

Mediates hunger

33
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus

A

mediates satiety

34
Q

Supraoptic hypothalamic nucleus

A

ADH

35
Q

Suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nucleus

A

Circadian rhythm

36
Q

Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus

A

Secretion of dopamine, GNRH, and GH

37
Q

Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus

A

Oxytocin

38
Q

Features of midbrain on histology

A

Cerebral crura
Red nucleus
Substantia nigra

39
Q

Features of pons on histology

A

Transverse pontine fibers

40
Q

Solitary nucleus

A

Sensory info from VII. IX, and X

Pons and Medulla

41
Q

Features of the medulla on histology

A

Inferior olivary nucleus

42
Q

Dorsal Motor nucleus

A

CNX parasympathetic motor to viscera

Medulla

43
Q

Nucleus ambiguus

A

CN IX and X motor info to somatics

Medulla

44
Q

Contents of cavernous sinus

A

CN III, IV, VI, V1 and V2

Internal carotid

45
Q

CNIII functions

A

Eye movement
Eye lid elevation
Pupillary constriction
Accomodation

46
Q

CNV functions

A

Sensations of face
Sensation of anterior 2/3rd of tongue (not taste)
Muscles of mastication

47
Q

CN VII functions

A 
Motor to face
Taste for anterior 2/3rds
Lacrimal motor
Close eyes
Sublingual and submandibular motor
Auditory modulation
48
Q

CN IX Functions

A

Afferent gag reflex
Pharyngeal elevation
Swallow
Chem and baro receptors of the carotid bodies
Parotid gland motor
taste and sensation of posterior 1/3rd of tongue

49
Q

CN X Functions

A 
Efferent gag
Chem and baro of aortic arch
Swallow
soft palate and uvula elevation
parasympathetics to thorax and abdominal viscera
50
Q

CN V tract

A

Proprioception and vibratory fibers run to the principal nucleus in pons
Pain and temp fibers run to the spinal trigeminal nucleus
Both tracts decusate after and ascend to the VPM of the thalamus

51
Q

CNVII tract

A

Facial nucleus contains upper and lower segments
Upper segment has dual innervation from both sides of the cortex.
Damage to the right cortex would only result in paralysis of the lower left face.

52
Q

Lesion to cerebellar hemisphere

A

Ipsilateral limb intention tremor, dysmetria, and dysdiadochokinesia

53
Q

Lesion to cerebellar vermis

A

Gait ataxia

54
Q

Lesion to floccularnodular portion of the cerebellum

A

Nystagmus and gait ataxia

55
Q

Cerebellar nuclei

A

Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, and Fastigial

56
Q

Spinocerebellar tract

A

Proprioception information from the spine through the inferior peduncle to the cerebellum

57
Q

Corticopontocerebellar tract

A

Intention information from primary motor cortex to cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle

58
Q

Cerebellothalamic tract

A

Proprioceptive information from the cerebellum to the VL of the thalamus via the superior cerebellar peduncle

59
Q

Optic tract lesion

A

contralateral hononymous hemianopsia and pupillary defect

60
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus lesion/Optic radiation lesion

A

contralateral hononymous hemianopsia

61
Q

Meyer’s loop lesion

A

Contralateral upper quandrantanopia

“Pie in the sky defect”

62
Q

Visual Cortex lesion

A

Contralateral hononymous hemanopsia with macular sparing

63
Q

Dorsal optic radiation lesion

A

Pie in the floor

64
Q

Nightmares occur during

A

REM

65
Q

Sleep terrors occur during

A

non REM slow wave sleep (stage 3) in first third of the night

66
Q

Serotonin releasing nucleus

A

Raphe nuclei

67
Q

Norepi secreting neurons

A

locus ceruleus

68
Q

Lesion to optic nerve

A

Light to ipsilateral pupil causes no effect in either pupil

Light to contralateral pupil causes constriction in both pupils

69
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

A

Lesion will cause disinhibition, personality change, and irritability

70
Q

Lateral prefrontal cortex

A

Executive function (motivation, organization, planning and purposeful action)

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