Neuro Flashcards
Gyri of the frontal lobe
Precental, frontal eye field, and Broca’s area
Precentral Gyrus
Found in the frontal lobe, contains the primary motor cortex
Frontal eye field
found in the frontal lobe, responsible for eye movement. Damage to this area will cause a gaze deviation to the ipsilateral side.
Broca’s Area
Found in the frontal lobe, responsible for the motor component of speech
Gyri of the parietal lobe
Post central gyrus, Angular gyrus
Post Central Gyrus
Found in the parietal lobe, primary somatosensory cortex
Angular gyrus
found in the parietal lobe, damage to the dominant side will cause Gerstmann’s syndrome and damage to the nondominant side will cause hemispatial neglect
Gerstmann’s syndrome
Damage to the dominant angular gyrus
- Trouble with math
- Can’t identify fingers
- Can’t distinguish left from right
Important structures and gyri within the temporal lobe
Superior temporal gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala, uncus, and fusiform gyrus
Superior temporal gyrus
anteriorly contains the primary auditory cortex, posteriorly contains Wernicke’s area
Hippocampus
found within the temporal lobe, responsible for memory formation
Amygdala
found within the temporal lobe, responsible for emotional regulation and decision making
Uncus
found on the medial portion of the temporal lobe, most likely to compress on CNIII
Fusiform gyrus
Found on the temporal lobe, responsible for facial recognition
Posterior limb of the internal capsule
Anterior 2/3rds contains motor fibers of the corticospinal tract
Posterior third contains sensory fibers of the thalamocortical tract
Genu of the internal capsule
Contains motor fibers of the corticobulbar tract
Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus pathway
Vibration and proprioception
- Ascends in either the fasiculus gracilus (LE) or fasculus cuneatus (UE)
- 1st Synapse at the ipsilateral medulla in either the nucleus gracilus or cuneatus
- Decusates at the level of the medulla to the medial lemniscus pathway
- Second Synapse at the VPL of the thalamus then goes to the primary somatosensory cortex
- Pathway is damaged in B12 deficiency and tertiary syphilis
Romberg Test
Test to determine if damage is in the DCML or cerebellum.
If patient closes their eyes while standing and loses their balance, indicates that they have a DCML lesion.
Spinothalamic tract
Pain and temp
1st synapse at the ipsilateral posterior grey horn
Decusates at that level via the anterior white commisure
Ascends contralaterally in the later white matter
2nd synapse at the VPL of the thalamus
Continues to the primary somatosensory cortex
Syringomyelia
Compression of the anterior white commisure by CSF pocket
loss of pain and temp bilaterally at the levels involved.
Corticospinal tract
Starts at the primary motor cortex
Descends through the internal capsule
Decusates at the medullary pyramids
Continues down via the posterior lateral white matter
1st Synapse at the anterior grey horn
motor neuron leaves through anterior root
Anterior grey horn is damage in Polio
PaCO2 effect on cerebral blood flow
Low paCO2 causes cerebral vasocontriction and decreased ICP
ICH in neonates
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
Kluver Bucy Syndrome
Bilateral damage to amygdala
Hyperphagia, hyperorality, hypersexuality
Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
Input: optic nerve
Sight
Output: Occipital lobe
medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
Input: auditory pathway
Hearing
Output: auditory corex
Ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus
Input: spinothalamic and dorsal column
Pain, temp, vibration, proprioception
Output: Primary sensory cortex
Ventral posteromedial nucleus thalamus
Taste and trigeminal pathways
Taste and sensation from the face
Primary sensory cortex
Ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus
Cerebellum and basal ganglia
Motor info
Motor cortex
Anterior hypothalamiuc nucleus
Decreases body temp in states of hyperthermia
Posterior hypothalamic nucleus
Increases body temp in cases of hypothermia
Lateral hypothalamic nucleus
Mediates hunger
Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
mediates satiety
Supraoptic hypothalamic nucleus
ADH
Suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nucleus
Circadian rhythm
Arcuate hypothalamic nucleus
Secretion of dopamine, GNRH, and GH
Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
Oxytocin
Features of midbrain on histology
Cerebral crura
Red nucleus
Substantia nigra
Features of pons on histology
Transverse pontine fibers
Solitary nucleus
Sensory info from VII. IX, and X
Pons and Medulla
Features of the medulla on histology
Inferior olivary nucleus
Dorsal Motor nucleus
CNX parasympathetic motor to viscera
Medulla
Nucleus ambiguus
CN IX and X motor info to somatics
Medulla
Contents of cavernous sinus
CN III, IV, VI, V1 and V2
Internal carotid
CNIII functions
Eye movement
Eye lid elevation
Pupillary constriction
Accomodation
CNV functions
Sensations of face
Sensation of anterior 2/3rd of tongue (not taste)
Muscles of mastication
CN VII functions
Motor to face Taste for anterior 2/3rds Lacrimal motor Close eyes Sublingual and submandibular motor Auditory modulation
CN IX Functions
Afferent gag reflex
Pharyngeal elevation
Swallow
Chem and baro receptors of the carotid bodies
Parotid gland motor
taste and sensation of posterior 1/3rd of tongue
CN X Functions
Efferent gag Chem and baro of aortic arch Swallow soft palate and uvula elevation parasympathetics to thorax and abdominal viscera
CN V tract
Proprioception and vibratory fibers run to the principal nucleus in pons
Pain and temp fibers run to the spinal trigeminal nucleus
Both tracts decusate after and ascend to the VPM of the thalamus
CNVII tract
Facial nucleus contains upper and lower segments
Upper segment has dual innervation from both sides of the cortex.
Damage to the right cortex would only result in paralysis of the lower left face.
Lesion to cerebellar hemisphere
Ipsilateral limb intention tremor, dysmetria, and dysdiadochokinesia
Lesion to cerebellar vermis
Gait ataxia
Lesion to floccularnodular portion of the cerebellum
Nystagmus and gait ataxia
Cerebellar nuclei
Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, and Fastigial
Spinocerebellar tract
Proprioception information from the spine through the inferior peduncle to the cerebellum
Corticopontocerebellar tract
Intention information from primary motor cortex to cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle
Cerebellothalamic tract
Proprioceptive information from the cerebellum to the VL of the thalamus via the superior cerebellar peduncle
Optic tract lesion
contralateral hononymous hemianopsia and pupillary defect
Lateral geniculate nucleus lesion/Optic radiation lesion
contralateral hononymous hemianopsia
Meyer’s loop lesion
Contralateral upper quandrantanopia
“Pie in the sky defect”
Visual Cortex lesion
Contralateral hononymous hemanopsia with macular sparing
Dorsal optic radiation lesion
Pie in the floor
Nightmares occur during
REM
Sleep terrors occur during
non REM slow wave sleep (stage 3) in first third of the night
Serotonin releasing nucleus
Raphe nuclei
Norepi secreting neurons
locus ceruleus
Lesion to optic nerve
Light to ipsilateral pupil causes no effect in either pupil
Light to contralateral pupil causes constriction in both pupils
Orbitofrontal cortex
Lesion will cause disinhibition, personality change, and irritability
Lateral prefrontal cortex
Executive function (motivation, organization, planning and purposeful action)
