Cardiovascular

Question 1

TBX A2

Answer 1

Vasocontriction, platelet aggregation

Question 2

Protascyclin

Answer 2

Vasodilation, decreased platelet aggregation

Question 3

Prostaglandin D2/E2

Answer 3

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability.

Question 4

Ebstein Anomaly

Answer 4

Caused by Lithium

Apical displacement of tricuspid leaflets, decrease RV volume, atrialization of the RV, atrial septal defect

Question 5

Effects of ANP and BNP

Answer 5

Increase GFR, diruesis
Inhibit Renin
Decrease aldosterone
Vasodilation
Increased capillary permiability

Broken down by MMP Neprilysin
Sacubitril inhibits neprilysin

Question 6

Source of Afib

Answer 6

ectopic electrical foci in pulmonary veins

Question 7

SV

Answer 7

EDV-ESV

Question 8

CO

Answer 8

SVxHR

or

Rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 - venous O2)

Question 9

EF

Answer 9

EDV-ESV/EDV

Question 10

Stroke work

Answer 10

Aortic pressure x SV

Question 11

Resistance equation

Answer 11

8Ln/pi x r^4

L=length of vessel
n= viscosity
r = radius of blood vessel

Question 12

Parallel resistance

Answer 12

1/Total resistance= 1/R1 + 1/R2 +…

Question 13

Squatting effect

Answer 13

Increases vascular resistance by decreasing the radius of blood vessels in abdomen and legs

Question 14

MAP

Answer 14

CO x TPR

Question 15

Blood flow (Q)

Answer 15

Q = DeltaP / R

Question 16

Blood velocity

Answer 16

V = Q / Area

Question 17

Compliance

Answer 17

C = V / P

Question 18

Phase 0 of cardiac myocyte

Answer 18

Influx of Na

Question 19

Phase 1 of cardiac myocyte

Answer 19

Efflux of K

Question 20

Phase 2 of cardiac myocyte

Answer 20

Influx of Ca and efflux of K balance each other

Question 21

Phase 3 of cardiac myocyte

Answer 21

Continued Efflux of K

Question 22

Drugs that block K efflux from cardiac myocyte

Answer 22

Ibutilide, dofetilide, amiodarone, sotalol

Question 23

Phase 0 of pacemaker

Answer 23

Influx of calcium

Question 24

Phase 3 of pacemaker

Answer 24

Influx of K (voltage)

Question 25

Phase 4 of pacemaker

Answer 25

Funny Na and K

Question 26

Phospholamban

Answer 26

Inhibits SERCA, which prevents the heart from relaxing.
When phosphorylated by PKA it loses its ability to inhibit SERCA
NE and Epi up regulate PKA in heart muscle

Question 27

Dromotropes

Answer 27

Changes the conduction speed of the heart

Increases the amount of Ca entering the cell in phase 0 of the pacemaker

Question 28

Isolated systolic hypertension in an old person

Answer 28

stiffening of arteries