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Histopath > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

2 causes of cerebral oedema

A

vasogenic - dsiruption of BBB

cytotoxic - 2ry to cellular injury i.e ischaemia, hypoxia

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2
Q

consequences of cerebral oedema

A

raised ICP

loss of gyri and sulci

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3
Q

what is communicating hydrocephalus

A

impaired reabsorption of CSF into venous sinuses

- can be caused by meningitis disrupting subarachnoid space

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4
Q

what is non-comm hydroceph

A

obstruction of CSF flow

- can be caused by bits of choroid plexus in the aqueduct

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5
Q

main consequence of raised ICP

A

herniation of the brain

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6
Q

tonsillar herniation

A

pushes cerebellum through foramen magnum into the medulla

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7
Q

subfalcine herniation

A

pushes brain more towards one side, under the falx cerebri (splits into two halves)

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8
Q

transtentorial herniation

A

separates cerebrum and brainstem (tentorium cerebelli)

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9
Q

interruption to cerebral blood flow which leads to focal neurological sx. lasts >24 hours or results in death. vascular origin.

A

stroke

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10
Q

temporary interruption to cerebral blood flow leading to amaurosis fugax, carotid bruits. transient loss of vision.. symptoms usually last <5min, will resolve within 24 hours.

A

TIA

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11
Q

% of patients with TIA who suffer from significant imfarct within 5 years

A

1/3

‘warning’ strokw

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12
Q

rupture of small blood vessels, most commonly in the basal ganglia, leading to headache, LOC, vomiting and focal neuro. HTN in 50%, charcot bouchard microaneurysms may be present.

A

intraparenchymal haemorrhage

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13
Q

dense accummulations of blood vessels which cna occur anywhere in the brain. can present in 20-50yos with severe headache, seizure, LOC and focal neuro.
high pressures mean there is high mortality and morbidity associated.

A

AVM

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14
Q

85% of these haemorrhages occuras a result of rupture of berry aneurysms.
risk of rupture high when diameter >6-10mm.
presents with sudden onset thunderclap headache, loc and vomiting.

A

SAH

rx with clip or coil

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15
Q

traumatic injury leading to rapid arterial bleed, lucid interval then LOC.

A

extradural haemorrhage

due to middle meningeal artery rupture

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16
Q

prev history of minor trauma. slow venous bleeding often seen in eldery or alcoholics, associated with brain atrophy. present with fluctuations in consciousness.

A

subdural haemorrhage

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17
Q

primary cause of 70-80% of stroke

A

atheroma

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18
Q

most common site of thrombosis

A

middle cerebral artery

19
Q

vascular territory of MCA

A

lateral areas of the brain

20
Q

vascular territories of PCA

A

posterior and inferior temple

21
Q

ACA

A

midline to parieto-occipital sulcus

22
Q

contraleteral hemiplegia, weakness of the lower face, ataxia

A

MCA

23
Q

slowness, lack of spontaneity, incontinence, contraleteral lower limb weakeness

A

ACA

24
Q

visual deficits, ataxia

A

PCA

25
Q

transient loss of consciousness and paralysis with recovery in hours or days

A

concussion

26
Q

single largest cause of death in <45s

A

traumatic brain injury

27
Q

vegetative state, post traumatic dementia

A

diffuse axonal injury

28
Q

otorrhoea, rhinorrhoea, racoon eyes, battle sign

A

base of skull fractures, periorbital fractures

29
Q

bruising tht occurs due to brain impact with the skull. front = coup, back = contracoup. pia mater can be torn.

A

contusions

laceration if pia mater torn

30
Q

most common sites of diffuseaxonal injury

A

corpus callosum, rostral brainstem

nb - same thing as chronic traumatic encephalopathy

31
Q

B-amyloid plaques, TAU proteins and neurofibriilary tangles

A

alzheimers disease

32
Q

a-synuclein on immunostaining. nigral striatal defects

A

parkinsons disease

33
Q

TAUopathy with TAU+ve deposits in the frontal lobe

fronto-temporal atrophy, marked gliosis and neuronal loss

A

picks disease

34
Q

non tau+ve frontotemporal demential with unilateral atrophy

A

progranulin

35
Q

Braak staging

A

used in PD and alzheimers

36
Q

apart from parkinsons what other disease w parkinsonism is associated with a-synuclein

A

lewy body dementia

multiple systemic atrophy

37
Q

proteins associated with frontotemporal dementia

A

TAU TDP and FUS

38
Q

brain tumour associated with NF-2. focal neuro sx

A

meningioma

39
Q

brain tumour with hydrocephalus (tumour in ventricles)

A

ependymoma

40
Q

indolent childhood brain tumour. rosethal fibres (hairy)

A

pilocytic astrocytoma

41
Q

soft, gelatinous tumour with some calcifications

A

oligodendoma

42
Q

severe grade 4 brain tumour with high mortality

A

glioblastoma multiforme

43
Q

a-synuclein and ubiquitin

A

lewy body dmeentia

44
Q

corticobasal degen - pathyological protein

A

tau

when in doubt guess tau

Histopath (13 decks)

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