Bone

Question 1

loss of cancellous bone on histology

thin trabecullae, normal osteoid

Answer 1

osteoporosis

Question 2

histology shows excess unmineralised bone (low osteoid)

loosers zones on xray and splaying of metaphysis

Answer 2

osteomalacia/rickets

Question 3

bone histology shows marrow fibrosis and cysts - browns cysts

Answer 3

1ry hyperparathyroidism

with osteitis fibrosa cystica in the bones

Question 4

triphasic disorder of bone turnover. xrayshows mixed lytic and sclerotic lesions, histology shows huge osteoclasts with >100 nuclei and a mosiac pattern of lamellar bone.

Answer 4

Pagets disease of bone

Question 5

any bone disease associated with CKD

Answer 5

renal osteodystrophy

Question 6

function of cortical bone

Answer 6

long bones, mechanical and structural, protective

Question 7

function of canellous bones

Answer 7

vertebrae and pelvis, mainly metabolic function. large surface area.

Question 8

bone cell associated with lacunae

Answer 8

osteocytes

Question 9

pain swelling and tenderness of the bone with general systemic sx, xray changes occur 10 days post onset with lytic destruction on the bone. bone changes show mottled rarefaction. lifiting of the periostium.
+ve blood cultures

Answer 9

oesteomyelitis
children - Hib, GBS - affects long bones
adults - S aureus - affects the vertebrae, jaw and toes

Question 10

degenerative joint disease mainly affecting vertebraw, hips and knees
may see herbedens nodes (DIPJ) and bouchards nodes(PIPJ)

Answer 10

osteoarthritis

Question 11

slowly progressively symmetrical degenerative disease of the joints, aparticularly the small joints of the hands and feet.
Spares the DIPJ. swan neck and boutonnierre deformity of fingers are common presentations.

Answer 11

RA

Question 12

malignant bone tumour in patients <20yo, tpyically in the long bones and pelvis. hisstology shows sheets of small round cells, CD99+ve, ALP -ve.
t11;22

Answer 12

ewings sarcoma

Question 13

xray shows lytic lesions with fluffy calcification, mainly in the axial skeleton. presents in adults >40.

Answer 13

chondeosarcoma

Question 14

malignant bone diease occuring in adolescence, 60% in the knee. also in hip, shoulder and jaw. ALP+ve, histology shows malignant mesenchymal cells.

Answer 14

osteosarcoma

Question 15

elevated periosteum (codman’s triangle) and sunburst appearance on xray

Answer 15

osteosarcoma

Question 16

malignant chondrocytes

Answer 16

chondrosarcoma

Question 17

borderline malignancy affecting women more than men, histolgy shoes osteoclast type multinucleate giant cells. xray - lytic lucent lesions.

Answer 17

giant cell tumour

Question 18

small benign bone forming lesions that occur in adolescents. tibia and femur common locations. can cause night pain, show radiolucent nidus on xray

Answer 18

osteoid osteoma

Question 19

bone outgrowths attached to normal bone, seen in middle aged pts. head and neck usually. associated with gardners syndrome

Answer 19

osteoma

gardners syndrome is GI polyps + mutiple osteomas and epidermoid cysts

Question 20

benign tumours of cartillage that often occr in the hands. xray shows lytic lesion and cotton wool calcification

Answer 20

endochondroma

Question 21

cartillage capped bony outgrowth of the long bones, occurs in adolescence. xray shows well defined bony protuberance.

Answer 21

osteochondroma

Question 22

occurs mainly in the femur, replacement of bone with fibrous tissue. seen in McCune Allbright syndrome. histologyshows ‘chinese letters’

Answer 22

fibrous dysplasia

Question 23

speckled mineralisation on xray. benign bone forming lesion in children and adolescents.

Answer 23

osteoblastoma

Question 24

radiolucent nidis on x ray with sclerotic rim

Answer 24

oesteoid osteoma

Question 25

soap bubble oestologysis and shepherds crook deformity on xray

Answer 25

fibrous dysplasia