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eLCRS - 뉴로 > Neuro 6: Thalamus + Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Neuro 6: Thalamus + Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

What is the organization of the thalamus?

A
  • divided in 2 by 3rd ventricle
  • collection of individual nuclei w separate functions
  • sits ventral to the lateral ventricles
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2
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A
  • it is a key relay centre to cortical sensory areas
  • involved in most sensory systems (except olfactory)
  • enhances / restricts signals
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3
Q

Describe the different classification of the thalamic nuclei.

A
  • classification = bases on connection of nuclei with the cortex

SARI

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4
Q

explain each classification of the thalamic nuclei

SARI nuclei

A

S = specific
–> connected to primary cortical areas

A = association
–> connected to association cortex

R = reticular
–> NOT connected to the cortex

I = Intralaminar
–> connected to ALL cortical areas

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5
Q

(in Specific nuclei) What are the 2 diff nuclei that relays sensory info from different parts of the body?

A

BELOW THE NECK:
- ventral posterolateral

HEAD:
- ventral posteromedial

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6
Q

Describe the different divisions of the functional cortical areas

A
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7
Q

Intraluminar + Reticular nuclei are both part of the ____ _____ _____ which is the system that maintains consciousness

A

Intraluminar + Reticular nuclei are both part of the RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM which is the system that maintains consciousness

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8
Q

Why is intrathalamic connection important for the reticular nucleus?

A
  • due to intrathalamic connection
  • it is able to influence flow of information through the other nuclei –> to the cortex
  • it gets activated by projections (from the brainstem)
  • and increases activity going through the other nuclei.

(indirect method of influencing activity of cortex)

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9
Q

core of grey matter through brainstem =

A

core of grey matter through brainstem = reticular formation

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10
Q

Describe the function of the reticular formation

A
  • reticular formation projects up to the thalamus
  • then intralaminar nuclei modulates activity of the cortex (level of consciousness/awareness)

(more projection, more activity of cortex)

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11
Q

_______ lies below the thalamus

A

hypothalamus

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12
Q

hypothalamus is divided through the middle by the ___ ventricle

The _____ _____ + _____ _____ = seen just infront of the hypothalamus

A

3rd ventricle

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13
Q

note: organization of hypothalamus + thalamus = same

A

-

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14
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus

A
  • The hypothalamus = involved in homeostasis
  • and it coordinates mechanisms that provide homeostasis
  • such as ANS, Endocrine System, Behaviours
  • has direct connections with ANS
  • has connections with endocrine systems
  • and has control over behavior e.g feeding behavior

4F’s

  • fighting
  • fleeing
  • feeding
  • mating
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15
Q

What are the 2 systems that has close connection with the forebrain?

A
  • Olfactory System

- Limbic System

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16
Q

Give examples of what is meant by behavioral control:

A

Give examples of what is meant by behavioral control:

  • eating/ drinking
  • expressing emotion (e.g pale when scared –> ANS)
  • sexual behavior
  • circadian rhythm (suprachiasmatic nucleus)
  • memory
17
Q

How is our behavior directed towards homeostatic goals?

A
  • hypothalamus + limbic system have a motivational process
  • when homeostasis is achieved, activity of pleasure centre in the limbic system increases
  • helps to reinforce beneficial behavior

Note: but also bad e.g addiction

18
Q

What are some presenting symptoms of hypothalamic tumor?

A
  • polydipsia
  • polyuria
  • absent menses
19
Q

What are advanced symptoms of hypothalamic tumor?

A
  • labile emotions
  • age
  • memory lapses
  • temp fluctuation
  • decrease in thyroid, adrenal cortex + gonadal function
  • hyperphagia
20
Q

What is the intralaminar nuclei?

A
  • it projects to various medial temporal lobe structures
  • comprises of mostly glutamatergic neurones

(loss of neurons in this region = associated with progressive supra nuclear palsy / parkinson’s)

21
Q

What is the reticular nucleus ?

A
  • forms outer covering of thalamus
  • most neurones = GABAergoc
  • DONT connect with distal regions but with other thalamic nuclei
  • receives input from collaterals of their axons from thalamic nuclei

–> so reticular nucleus acts to modulate thalamic activity through -ve feed back

22
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation?

A
  • set of interconnected pathways in the brainstem
  • involved in consciousness / arousal
  • both intralaminar + reticular nucleus receive inputs from ARAS
23
Q

hypothalamus = has direct/indirect connections with ANS

A

direct

24
Q

how does hypothalamus exert effects on the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus –> pituitary gland –> different hormones secreted

25
Q

what are the 2 types of nuclei in the paraventricular nucleus?

A
  • parvocellular

- magnocellular

26
Q

What is the function of paraventricular nucleus?

A
  • it sends projections to the ANS + posterior pituitary gland
  • also involved in feeding behavior
27
Q

what is the effect of parvocellular

A

–> has effect on renal output / BP

–> has effect on HR

–> has effect on blood vessels

28
Q

what is the effect of magnocellular

A
  • -> acts on neurohypophysis
  • to cause release of vasopressin + oxytocin

–. also involved in emotion

29
Q

where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?

A

above the optic chiasm

30
Q

how does the activity of suprachiasmatic nucleus activated/inactivated?

A

by light
- when dark –> less activity

  • in light –> more activity
  • most responsive to blue light
    –> activates superchaismatic nucleus
    sends signal to spinal cord –> then to pineal gland –> to produce melatonin
31
Q

What is jet lag due to?

A

dysfunction between suprachiasmatic nucleus + melatonin secretion

32
Q

lesion to suprachiasmatic nucleus results in =

A

-causes fragmented sleeping pattern

33
Q

sleep disturbances schizophrenia can be described as

A

effect/ lesion to the suprachiasmatic nucleus

34
Q

RAS formed by =

A

Reticular formation
Intralaminar Nuclei
Reticular Nuclei

eLCRS - 뉴로 (16 decks)

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