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eLCRS - 뉴로 > Neuro 3: Brainstem and Cranial nerves > Flashcards

Neuro 3: Brainstem and Cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Define the Brainstem

A
  • The part of the CNS exclusive of the cerebellum that lies between the cerebrum and the spinal cord.
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2
Q

What are the major divisions of the brainstem?

A

major divisions:

  • Medulla oblongata
  • Pons
  • Midbrain
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3
Q

Area with 4 lumps at top = roof of the ________

A

Area with 4 lumps at top = roof of the midbrain

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4
Q

The pons = the flood of the __th ventricle

A

The pons = the flood of the 4th ventricle

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5
Q

What structures are in the midline of the brainstem?

What are their function?

A

Pineal gland

  • releases melatonin
  • important in regulating th circadian rhythm

Superior Colliculus
- important in coordination of eye + head movements at the same time

Inferior Colluiculus
- auditory reflexes

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6
Q

what is the ONE cranial nerve that emerges from the BACK of the brainstem?

A
  • Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)

- supplies superior oblique muscle of eye

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7
Q

Dorsal Columns are involved in what 2 main sensory pathways?

A
  • touch

- Proprioception

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8
Q

What are the 4 functional subtypes of the cranial nerves?
(Functional Classification I)

What are they responsible for?

A
  1. General Somatic Afferent (GSA)
    - -> sensation from skin + mucous memb
  2. General Visceral Afferent (GVA)
    - -> sensation from GI tract, heart, vessels + lungs
  3. General Somatic Efferent (GSE)
    - -> muscle for eyes + tongue movements
  4. General Visceral Efferent (GVE)
    - -> preganglionic parasympathetic
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9
Q

What are the 3 functional Classification II

special…..

A
  1. Special somatic afferent
    - -> vision, hearing + Equilibrium
  2. Special Visceral Afferent
    - -> Smell + taste
  3. Special Visceral efferent
    - -> Muscles involved in chewing, facial expression, swallowing, vocal sounds + turning head.
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10
Q

In the embryonic spinal cord,

information goes into the spinal cord via the _____ _____ and leaves the spinal cord via the _____ _____

A

In the embryonic spinal cord,

information goes into the spinal cord via the DORSAL ROOT and leaves the spinal cord via the VENTRAL ROOT

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11
Q

NOTE: cranial nerve nuclei = arranged in functional columns

A

-

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12
Q

Describe the appearance of the midbrain

A
  • mickey mouse shaped

- inferior colliculus = low down in the midbrain

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13
Q

What is the substantial nigra ?

A

substantia nigra = dopaminergic neurones

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14
Q

what do substantia nigra do in normal metabolism?

A
  • they produce neuromelanin
  • which is a pigment
  • that is black
  • as you go through life, it gets darker and darker
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15
Q

What happens in parkinson’s disease in relation to substantia nigra?

A

in parkinson’s disease

  • you lose dopaminergic neurones
  • so pale substantia nigra = sign of parkinson’s disease
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16
Q

Pons is in the region of the ___th ventricle

just underneath the ____

A

Pons is in the region of the 4th ventricle

just underneath the cerebellum

17
Q

What is the most obvious feature of the Pons?

A
  • transverse fibres
18
Q

What holds the cerebrum onto the brainstem?

A
  • the cerebral peduncles
19
Q

and what holds the cerebellum onto the back of the brainstem?

A
  • The cerebellar peduncles
20
Q

What is the main peduncle of the pons?

A
  • main peduncle = middle cerebellar peduncle.
21
Q

What is the main feature of the medulla ?

A
  • pyramids start to be seen
  • inferior olivary nucleus (bulge on side of medulla)
  • -> connected to cerebellum
  • -> involved in fine tuning motor movements
22
Q

dorsal columns can be seen in the lower medulla

  • smaller of columns = _____
    what does it do?
  • laterally you have ______
  • crossing over of fibres at _______ ______ in the lower medulla
A

dorsal columns can be seen in the lower medulla

  • smaller of columns = GRACILIS
  • -> sensory info from lower limb
  • laterally you have CUNEATUS
  • -> sensory information from upper limb
  • crossing over of fibres at PYRAMIDAL DECUSSATION in the lower medulla
23
Q

What is lateral medullary syndrome caused by:

A
  • caused by thrombosis of vertebral artery or posteriori inferior cerebellar artery
24
Q

What is lateral medullary syndrome?

A
  • thrombosis of vertebral artery/ posterior inferior cerebellar artery

causes
- vertigo

  • ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia
  • -> problem with gait on same side of body as lesion
  • ipsilateral loss of pain/thermal sense (face)
  • horner’s syndrome (loss of sympathetic innervation to head + neck)
  • contralateral loss of pain/thermal sense in trunk + limbs
25
Q

Lateral Medullary Syndrome:

Disturbing the vestibular nucleus causes –>

Disturbing the inferior cerebellar peduncle –>

disrupting sympathetic tract –>

Damage to spinothalamic tract –>

A

Lateral Medullary Syndrome:

Disturbing the vestibular nucleus causes –> VERTIGO

Disturbing the inferior cerebellar peduncle –> BALANCE PROBLEM

disrupting sympathetic tract –> HORNER’S SYNDROME

Damage to spinothalamic tract –> DAMAGE TO PAIN / SENSORY INFO

26
Q

What is the function of the cerebral peduncle?

A
  • cerebral peduncle has fibre tracts

- and it also holds cerebral cortex onto the brainstem.

27
Q

What is the pyramid decussation?

A
  • anatomical basis for contralateral control / crossing over of neurons

eLCRS - 뉴로 (16 decks)

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