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eLCRS - 뉴로 > Neuro 13: Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Neuro 13: Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of fibres in cerebral white matter?

A
  1. association fibres
  2. commissural fibres
  3. projection fibres
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2
Q

What do association fibres do?

A
  • they connect arose within the same hemisphere
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3
Q

What do association fibres do?

A
  • they connect left hemisphere to right hemisphere
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4
Q

What do projection fibres do?

A
  • they connect cortex with lower brain structures, brainstem + spinal cord
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5
Q

What are the 6 grey matter cortical layers

A

6 layers

layer 1 - 3 = usually cortico-cortical connections
(2-3) you can see neurones
layer 4 = receives input from thalamus
layer 5-6 = has connections with lower cortex/braintem/spinal cord (projection fibres)

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6
Q

The cortex = divided into lobes.

What are the major lobes?

A

OCCIPITAL

PARIETAL

TEMPORAL

FRONTAL

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7
Q

what are the major function of the lobes?

OCCIPITAL

A

OCCIPITAL

  • -> ventral pathway = analyses form + color
  • -> dorsal pathway = spatial relationship + movement
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8
Q

what are the major function of the PARIETAL LOBE?

posterior parietal cortex

A

PARIETAL

–>(posterior parietal cortex) creates spatial map of body

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9
Q

Injury to parietal lobe may cause :

A
  • disorientation
  • inability to read map / understand spatial relationships
  • apraxia
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10
Q

what is the definition of apraxia?

A

inability to make skilled movement with accuracy

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11
Q

what are the major function of the temporal LOBE?

A
  • language
  • object recognition
  • memory
  • emotion
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12
Q

lesion / Injury of temporal lobe may lead to :

A
  • agnosia
  • -> patient can’t interpret sensations correctly although organs/nerves are functioning normally
  • receptive aphasia
  • -> patient can’t understand language in its spoken/written form
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13
Q

what are the major function of the frontal LOBE?

A
  • judgement
  • foresight
  • personality
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14
Q

Injury/ lesion of frontal lobe may lead to :

A
  • deficit in planning
  • inappropriate behavior
  • attention span + concentration diminishes
  • self control is impaired
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15
Q

Compare between primary cortices and association cortices ?

A

primary cortices:

  • predictable function
  • organized topographically
  • has left right symmetry

association cortices:

  • function is less predictable
  • not organized topographically
  • left right symmetry is weak/absent
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16
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A
  • inability to recognize faces or learn new faces
17
Q

what is prosopagnosia caused by?

A

caused by lesion of the visual posterior association area

18
Q

give an example of a method of brain stimulation.

A
  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
  • -> used to test whether a specific brain area is responsible for a function
  • Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS)
  • -> changes local excitability of neurones increasing/decreasing firing rate
19
Q

note
Right hemisphere is = artistic + creative

left hemisphere = logical + scientific

A

-

20
Q

How does PET scan work?

A
  • uses radioactive tracer attached to a molecule
  • -> to locate brain areas where the particular molecule (e.g dopamine( is being absorbed

note: SPECT lower resolution version

21
Q

What might you see in a PET scan of a patient with parkinson’s diseases?

A
  • there will be profound loss in the posterolateral putamen with relative preservation of the caudate
22
Q

What is the difference between an EEG and a MEG

A

MEG = measures magnetic fields
–> maps brain activity by recording magnetic fields produced by electrical currents occurring naturally in the brain

EEG = measures electric fields
–> measures voltage fluctuation resulting from ionic current in neurons of the brain

23
Q

What does the fMRI do?

A
  • it measures the brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow
  • relies on the fact that cerebral blood flow + neuronal activation are coupled

increased blood flow areas = more active areas

24
Q

when someone imagines positive events, _____ + _____ become more active

A

when someone imagines positive events, amygdala + rostral anterior cingulate cortex become more active

25
Q

note: grey matter also has columnar arrangement - basis of topographical organisation

A

-

26
Q

testing function of the brain - list some methods

A
  • fMRI
  • PET
  • SPECT
  • light microscopy
  • lesions
27
Q

differentiate the two parts of the visual association cortex

A
  • Dorsal pathway = interprets spatial relationships + movements
  • Ventral pathway = responsible for form and colour
28
Q

visual posterior association area lesion can cause =

A

prosopagnosia.

29
Q

loss of connection between 2 hemispheres e.g in callosotomy cause :

A

lateralised deficits in function

30
Q

describe the test / experiment done to test hemisphere specialization

A

left hemisphere = dominant for verbal processing

right hemisphere = cannot share info with left so patient can’t say what it is but can draw out what it is.

31
Q

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

how does it work? and what for?

A
  • magnetic field induces electric current in cortex –> causes neurons to fire
  • used to test whether specific brain area = responsible for a function e.g speech.
32
Q

Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS)

A
  • change excitability of neurones –> increasing/decreasing firing rate
33
Q

What type of neurone is found in layer 4 ?

A
  • Stellate neurone
34
Q

What type of neurone is found in layer 5?

A
  • Pyramidal neurones
35
Q

What could happen after prefrontal lobotomy?

A
  • Change in behaviour
  • Increased aggression
  • Change in personality
  • Inappropriate behaviour
  • Diminished attention / concentration span
36
Q

what are the consequences of a unilateral parietal lobe lesion?

A
  • hemispatial neglect

can only draw half

37
Q

callosotomy may be carried out to treat _______

A

seizures

38
Q

Which areas of the brain become more active when participants imagine positive events?

A
  • Amygdala

- Rostral anterior cingulate cortex

39
Q

define the neocortex

A
  • Part of the cerebral cortex concerned with sight and hearing

eLCRS - 뉴로 (16 decks)

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