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eLCRS - 뉴로 > Neuro 14: Limbic System > Flashcards

Neuro 14: Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major olfactory epithelium?

A
  • bipolar olfactory neurons
  • sustentacular cells
  • basal cells

–> you get progressive loss with age

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2
Q

organisation of olfactory system

A
  • Olfactory neurones project into olfactory bulbs
  • which synapse w/ 2nd order neurones (mitral cells)
  • Forming an olfactory tract that travels to:
  • Lateral + medial olfactory stria going to 2 places:
    a) Piriform cortex of frontal lobe
    b) Orbitofrontal cortex

o Connections to brainstem promote autonomic responses e.g. salivation when smell good food

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3
Q

Olfactory tract splits into :

A
  • medial + lateral olfactory stria
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4
Q

most olfactory process takes place in the :

A

most olfactory process takes place in the :

a) piriform cortex
b) orbitofrontal cortex

–> connects to brainstem –> to cause autonomic responses

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5
Q

Define limbic system.

A
  • the limbic system = rim or cortex adjacent to the corpus callous + diencephalon
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6
Q

what is the limbic system responsible for?

A

a) maintenance of homeostasis
b) agonistic behavior
c) sexual / reproductive behaviors
d) memory

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7
Q

How does the limbic system maintain homeostasis?

A

by:
- activation of visceral effector mechanisms
- modulation of pituitary hormone release
- initiation of feeding/drinking
- -> mainly hypothalamic function control

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8
Q

What are the 2 key parts of the limbic system?

and where are they found?

A
  • amygdala
  • hippocampus

found in the temporal lobe

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9
Q

What is the papez circuit?

A
  • it is a neural circuit for the control of emotional expression
  • amygdala + hippocampus = part of papez circuit
  • cingulate cortex receives info from neocortex
  • which passes it onto hippocampus via the cingulum bundle
  • then passes through fornix –> into hypothalamus
  • then there is projection to anterior nucleus of thalamus via MTT
  • which projects back to cingulate cortex to perceive emotional experience
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10
Q

Where is the main afferent pathway of a hippocampus?

A
  • perforant pathway
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11
Q

Where is the main efferent pathway of a hippocampus?

A
  • fimbria/fornix
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12
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A
  • it is involved in memory + learning
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13
Q

What happens to the hippocampus in alzheimers disease?

A
  • you get severe shrinking of the hippocampus
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14
Q

Where is the hippocampus located in?

A
  • in the temporal lobe

- on the floor of lateral ventricles

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15
Q

the fornix lies immediate below the _____ _______

A

corpus callous

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16
Q

fibres of the fornix goes forwards –> and ends up in the _______ _____ at the base of the hypothalamus

A

fibres of the fornix goes forwards –> and ends up in the maxillary bodies at the base of the hypothalamus

17
Q

note: hipocampus = penis shaped

A

-

18
Q

What happens in cortical atrophy?

A
  • there is a loss of neurons
  • and ventricles = much larger than they should be
  • there is hiding of the sulk
  • frontotemporal = damaged more than alzheimer’s
19
Q

What happens in early alzheimers

A
  • hippocampus + entorhinal cortex = affected

- leads to short term memory problems

20
Q

What happens in moderate alzheimers

A
  • affects the parietal lobe

- dressing apraxia

21
Q

What happens in late alzheimer’s

A
  • affects the frontal lobe

- causes loss of executive skills

22
Q

Where is amygdala located in?

A
  • it is buried in the white matter of anterior temporal lobe
23
Q

What are the main afferent connections of the amygdala?

A
  • olfactory complex
  • septum
  • temporal neocortex
  • hippocampus
  • brainstem
24
Q

What is the main efferent connections of the amygdala?

A
  • stria terminalis
25
Q

what is the main function of amygdala

A
  • fear and anxiety
26
Q

What is the Kluver - Bucy syndrome?

A
  • syndrome due to bilateral lesions of the anterior temporal lobe
27
Q

What are some symptoms of the Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A
  • hyperorality
  • -> exploring things with mouth
  • loss of fear
  • visual agnosia
  • ->can’t recognize objects
  • hypersexuality

in humans: usually due too bilateral contusion of brain

28
Q

What structures are associated with aggression?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • brainstem
  • amygdala

( + serotonin )

29
Q

What are the main afferent connections of the septal nuclei ?

A
  • amygdala
  • olfactory tract
  • hippocampus
  • brainstem
30
Q

What is the main function of the septum ?

A

reinforcement + reward

31
Q

DRUG dependence

mesolimbic pathway

A

mesolimbic pathway = dopaminergic pathway
- sits in midbrain

projects to cortex, nucleus accumbent + amygdala
via MFB

  • dopaminergic neurones in VTN –> projects to nucleus accumbens
  • stimulated in most recreational drugs

*VTN = ventral tegmental nucleus

32
Q

clinical deficit of olfactory system can cause:

A

anosmia

33
Q

What is the main part of emotional expression?

A

hypothalamus

34
Q

What are the different mechanisms behind alzheimers?

A
  • tau protein –> hyperphosphorylated –> causes tangle
35
Q

note: recreational drugs

A

increases DA release in nucleus accumbens

–> stimulate midbrain neurones –> promote DA release / inhibit DA reuptake

36
Q

overstimulation of mesolimbic pathway

A

can causes obsessive compulsive behavior

e.g gambling

37
Q

Piriform cortex is found within the temporal lobe.

Explain the significance of this with regards to epileptic patients.

A
  • Epilepsy = Often focussed in the temporal lobe
  • ## so some people get prodromal aura –> smell just before seizure
38
Q

what is the region of cortical representation of the limbic system?

A
  • Cingulate cortex
39
Q

What would you seen in a coronal CT head scan of a patient with alzheimer’s

A
  • sulcus widens
  • cortical atrophy
  • ventricles are seen to be enlarged

eLCRS - 뉴로 (16 decks)

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