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eLCRS - 뉴로 > Neuro 10: Vestibular Systems > Flashcards

Neuro 10: Vestibular Systems Flashcards

1
Q

how do the 2 types of hair cells differ?

A

type 1 =

  • more in no.
  • has direct afferents + has indirect efferents

type 2=
- has direct affererents + efferents

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2
Q

what are the main otolith organs?

A
  • otoliths
  • maculae
  • hair cells
  • gelatinous matrix
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3
Q

what are the 2 main components of the static labyrinth?

A
  • utricle

- saccule

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4
Q

note: inside the macula is the striola

A

-

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5
Q

When you turn your head to the right, how is it perceived that you have turned your head to the right?

A
  • you turn your head to the right
  • endolymph goes to the left
  • cupula moves to the left (pushed by endolymph)
  • the hair cells on the RIGHT gets depolarized –> so their firing rate increases
  • hair cells on the LEFT gets hyperpolarised –> which decreases their firing rate

together it gives perception of head turning.

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6
Q

The primary afferents of the vestibular nerve ends in the _____ + _______

A

vestibular nuclei + cerebellum

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7
Q

what are the 4 main vestibular nuclei projections:

A

what are the 4 main vestibular nuclei projections:

  1. spinal cord
    - nuclei of extra ocular muscles
    - cerebellum
    - genres for cardio/ resp control
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8
Q

Why is the vestibule cerebellar pathway important?

A

it is important for:

  • movement coordination
  • posture regulation
  • VOR modulation
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9
Q

what does the otolith movement (perception of movement derive from?

A

derives from depolarisation / hyperpolarisation of hair cells
–> which accounts for perception of linear acceleration / tilt

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10
Q

what is the effect of angular acceleration on the semi circular canals?

A
  • angular acceleration exerts inertia on endolymph

- so cupula moves + displaces hair cells

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11
Q

at constant velocity why might you not feel like you are moving?

A
  • at constant velocity, the cupula goes back to its original position
  • so it doesn’t feel like you are moving
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12
Q

What is the significance of the vestibulospinal reflex (VSR)?

A
  • helps us stand still + not fall
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13
Q

What are the 2 main tract pathways pf the VSR?

A
  1. lateral vestbulospinal tract

2. medial vestibulospinal tract

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14
Q

describe the arrangement of the lateral vestbulospinal tract

A
  • ipsilateral

- motor neurons to the limb muscles

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15
Q

describe the arrangement of the medial vestbulospinal tract

A
  • bilateral
  • motor neurons to the neck + back muscles

(doesn’t go to lumbar area)

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16
Q

What is the significance of the vestibulo - ocular reflex (VOR)?

A
  • keeps images fixed in the retina

- connects between the vestibular nuclei + oculomotor nuclei

17
Q

note: eye movements = in opposite direction to head movement

A

-

18
Q

when you are looking at a picture in front of you,

and you turn your head to the right, what happens?

A
  1. turn your head to right
    - RIGHT medial rectus muscle contracts
    - LEFT lateral rectus muscle contracts
19
Q

endolymph flow = opposite / parallel to that of head motion

A

endolymph flow = opposite to that of head motion

20
Q

What happens if there is a unilateral lesion on one side of the canal?
e.g on the left.

A
  • unilateral lesion on the left canal
  • LEFT side doesn’t fire
  • only RIGHT fires
  • -> so it is perceived as head turning to the RIGHT
  • so eye muscles moves eyes to the LEFT
  • but you want to look straight on –> so eye moves back to original place
  • this repeats
  • -> causes eye to beat back and forth constantly
21
Q

What are the different methods of diagnosing/ investigating vestibular problems?

A
  • anamnesis
  • balance + gait assessment
  • cerebellum
  • gase assessment + eye movement
  • vestibular tests
    e. g caloric tests, VHIT. VEMP, rotational test
  • Imaging
    e. g MRI, CT
22
Q

What are some symptoms associated with vestibular problems?

A
  • vertigo
  • dizziness
  • unsteadiness (off balance)
  • self motion perception
23
Q

Location of balance disorders:

peripheral vestibular disorder –>

A

labyrinth + VIII nerve

eg vestibular neuritis

24
Q

Location of balance disorders:

central vestibular disorder –>

A

CNS

e.g stroke, MS, tumor

25
Q

what are the 4 categories of vestibular disorder by evolution?

give examples

A
  1. acute
    e. g vestibular neuritis
  2. intermittent
    e. g BPPV
  3. recurrent
    e. g meniere’s disease
  4. progressive
    e. g acoustic neuroma

eLCRS - 뉴로 (16 decks)

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