Neuro Flashcards
Notochord induction and development occurs during what days
day 18-21
Neuroectoderm gives rise to what cells?
CNS neurons, ependymal cells (inner lining of ventricles make csf), astrocytes, oligodendrocytes
Neural crest
gives rise to PNS neurons, schwann cells
Mesoderm
gives rise to microglia (macrophages of CNS)
Most common location of syringomyelia
C8-T1
Palatoglossus innervation
CN X
What is synaptophysin?
portein found in presynaptic vesicles of neurons, neuroendocrine, and neuroectodermal cells. CNS tumors of neuronal origin typically stain for synaptophysin on immunohistochemistry
3 glial cells
astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes
Free nerve endings
Description
Location
Senses
AS-fast, myelinated fibers; C-slow, unmyelinated fibers
Located throughout all skin, epidermis, some viscera
Pain and temperature senses
Meissner corpuscles
Description
Location
Senses
Large, myelinated fibers; adapt quickly
Glabrous (hairless) skin
Dynamic, fine/light touch, position sense
Pacinian corpuscles
Description
Location
Senses
Large, myelinate fibers; adapt quickly
Deep skin layers, ligaments, joints
Vibration, pressure
Merkel discs
Description
Location
Senses
Large, myelinated fibers; adapt slowly
Finger tips, superficial skin
Pressure, deep static tough (e.g. shapes edges), position sense
Ruffini corpuscles
Description
Location
Senses
Dendritic endings with capsule; adapt slowly
Finger tips, joints
Pressure, slippage of objects along surface of skin, joint angle change
Location of NE synthesis
Locus cereleus (pons)–>stress an panic for locus cereleus
Location of Dopamine synthesis
Ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra pars compacta (midbrain)
Location of 5-HT synthesis
Raphe nuclei (pons, medulla, midbrain)
Location of ACh synthesis
Basal nucleus of Meynert
Location of GABA synthesis
Nucleus accumbens (pleasure, reward center, addiction, fear)
Main inhibitory neurotransmitter of CNS
glycine
Main excitatory NT of CNS
glutamate
Inputs to hypothalamus
OVLT, area postrema (areas not protected by BBB)
Leptin regulates what two ways
Decreases production of Neuropeptide Y which is a potent appetite stimulant normally having neurons project to lateral area of hypothalamus
Increases prduction of POMC which inhibits food intake
Thalamus relays all ascending sensory info except..
olfaction (smell)
What makes up the striatum?
putamen (motor) and caudate (cognitive)
What makes up the lentiform?
putamen + globus pallidus
First liine treatment for benign essential tremor?
Primidone
Common underlying etiology of hemiballismus
Lacunar stroke
Equation for cerebral perfusion pressure
CPP=MAP-ICP
Amyloid angiopathy most commonly affects what lobes?
occipital and parietal lobes
Dural venous sinus empty into from what?
internal jugular vein (outside skull) via the sigmoid sinus (inside the skull) through the jugular foramen
In dural sinus what is main location of CSF return via arachnoid granulations
superior sagittal sinus
Most common location of vertebral disc herniation?
occur posterolaterally through annulus fibrosus (outer ring) at L4-L5 or L5-S1
Where does the spinal cord end?
L2 (level of the conus medullaris)
Where does subarachnoid space end?
Lower border of S2 vertebrae
Lumbar puncture location
L3-L4, L4-L5
Inheritance of Werdnig hoffman (spinal muscular atrophy)
auto recessive
Nucleus solitarius function and cn nuclei involved
Visceral sensory information (e.g. taste, baroreceptors, gut distention)
VII, IX, X
Nucleus ambiguus function and cn nuclei involved
Motor innervation of pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus (e.g. swallowing, palate elevation)
IX, X, IX (cranial portion)
Dorsal motor nuclei function and cn nuclei involved
Sends autonomic (parasympathetic) fibers to heart, lungs, upper gi
Corneal reflex afferent and efferent
Afferent: v1 ophthalmic (nasociliary branch)
Efferent: VII (temporal branch: orbicularis oculi)
Lacrimation
Afferent: V1 (loss of reflex does not preculude emotional tears)
Efferent: VII
Jaw jerk
afferent: v3 (sensory-muslce spindle from masseter)
efferent: v1 (motor-masseter)
Pupillary
afferent: II
efferent: III
Gag
afferent: IX
efferent: X
Cough (inititated by upper respiratory tract irritation)
afferent: X
efferent: X
CN V motor lesion
Jaw deviates toward side of lesion due to unopposed force from opposite pterygoid muscle
CN X lesion
Uvula deviates away from side of lesion
CN XI lesion
Head turns to contralateral side of lesion (SCM). shoulder droop on side of lesion (trapezius)
CN XII lesion (LMN)
tongue deviates toward side of lesion due to weakened tongue muscles on affected side
Atrophy of what region of brain is very suggestive of alzheimer disease
Hippocampal atrophy
Reason you have impaired consciousness in complex partial vs simple partial seizures?
Involvement of the diencephalon
triad of meneire disease?
tinnitus, vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss
Schwannomas can arise from all cranial nerves except what?
Cranial nerve II (not a peripheral nerve)
Opioid analgesic that is a partial mu aganist and weak antagonist that is specifically designed to produce little to no abuse potential
Pentazocine
What is diphenoxylate combined with to discourage opioid abuse?
Atropine
