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USMLE Step 1-2015 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Notochord induction and development occurs during what days

A

day 18-21

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2
Q

Neuroectoderm gives rise to what cells?

A

CNS neurons, ependymal cells (inner lining of ventricles make csf), astrocytes, oligodendrocytes

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3
Q

Neural crest

A

gives rise to PNS neurons, schwann cells

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4
Q

Mesoderm

A

gives rise to microglia (macrophages of CNS)

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5
Q

Most common location of syringomyelia

A

C8-T1

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6
Q

Palatoglossus innervation

A

CN X

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7
Q

What is synaptophysin?

A

portein found in presynaptic vesicles of neurons, neuroendocrine, and neuroectodermal cells. CNS tumors of neuronal origin typically stain for synaptophysin on immunohistochemistry

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8
Q

3 glial cells

A

astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes

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9
Q

Free nerve endings
Description
Location
Senses

A

AS-fast, myelinated fibers; C-slow, unmyelinated fibers
Located throughout all skin, epidermis, some viscera
Pain and temperature senses

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10
Q

Meissner corpuscles
Description
Location
Senses

A

Large, myelinated fibers; adapt quickly
Glabrous (hairless) skin
Dynamic, fine/light touch, position sense

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11
Q

Pacinian corpuscles
Description
Location
Senses

A

Large, myelinate fibers; adapt quickly
Deep skin layers, ligaments, joints
Vibration, pressure

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12
Q

Merkel discs
Description
Location
Senses

A

Large, myelinated fibers; adapt slowly
Finger tips, superficial skin
Pressure, deep static tough (e.g. shapes edges), position sense

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13
Q

Ruffini corpuscles
Description
Location
Senses

A

Dendritic endings with capsule; adapt slowly
Finger tips, joints
Pressure, slippage of objects along surface of skin, joint angle change

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14
Q

Location of NE synthesis

A

Locus cereleus (pons)–>stress an panic for locus cereleus

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15
Q

Location of Dopamine synthesis

A

Ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra pars compacta (midbrain)

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16
Q

Location of 5-HT synthesis

A

Raphe nuclei (pons, medulla, midbrain)

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17
Q

Location of ACh synthesis

A

Basal nucleus of Meynert

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18
Q

Location of GABA synthesis

A

Nucleus accumbens (pleasure, reward center, addiction, fear)

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19
Q

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter of CNS

A

glycine

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20
Q

Main excitatory NT of CNS

A

glutamate

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21
Q

Inputs to hypothalamus

A

OVLT, area postrema (areas not protected by BBB)

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22
Q

Leptin regulates what two ways

A

Decreases production of Neuropeptide Y which is a potent appetite stimulant normally having neurons project to lateral area of hypothalamus

Increases prduction of POMC which inhibits food intake

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23
Q

Thalamus relays all ascending sensory info except..

A

olfaction (smell)

24
Q

What makes up the striatum?

A

putamen (motor) and caudate (cognitive)

25
Q

What makes up the lentiform?

A

putamen + globus pallidus

26
Q

First liine treatment for benign essential tremor?

A

Primidone

27
Q

Common underlying etiology of hemiballismus

A

Lacunar stroke

28
Q

Equation for cerebral perfusion pressure

A

CPP=MAP-ICP

29
Q

Amyloid angiopathy most commonly affects what lobes?

A

occipital and parietal lobes

30
Q

Dural venous sinus empty into from what?

A

internal jugular vein (outside skull) via the sigmoid sinus (inside the skull) through the jugular foramen

31
Q

In dural sinus what is main location of CSF return via arachnoid granulations

A

superior sagittal sinus

32
Q

Most common location of vertebral disc herniation?

A

occur posterolaterally through annulus fibrosus (outer ring) at L4-L5 or L5-S1

33
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L2 (level of the conus medullaris)

34
Q

Where does subarachnoid space end?

A

Lower border of S2 vertebrae

35
Q

Lumbar puncture location

A

L3-L4, L4-L5

36
Q

Inheritance of Werdnig hoffman (spinal muscular atrophy)

A

auto recessive

37
Q

Nucleus solitarius function and cn nuclei involved

A

Visceral sensory information (e.g. taste, baroreceptors, gut distention)
VII, IX, X

38
Q

Nucleus ambiguus function and cn nuclei involved

A

Motor innervation of pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus (e.g. swallowing, palate elevation)
IX, X, IX (cranial portion)

39
Q

Dorsal motor nuclei function and cn nuclei involved

A

Sends autonomic (parasympathetic) fibers to heart, lungs, upper gi

40
Q

Corneal reflex afferent and efferent

A

Afferent: v1 ophthalmic (nasociliary branch)
Efferent: VII (temporal branch: orbicularis oculi)

41
Q

Lacrimation

A

Afferent: V1 (loss of reflex does not preculude emotional tears)
Efferent: VII

42
Q

Jaw jerk

A

afferent: v3 (sensory-muslce spindle from masseter)
efferent: v1 (motor-masseter)

43
Q

Pupillary

A

afferent: II
efferent: III

44
Q

Gag

A

afferent: IX
efferent: X

45
Q

Cough (inititated by upper respiratory tract irritation)

A

afferent: X
efferent: X

46
Q

CN V motor lesion

A

Jaw deviates toward side of lesion due to unopposed force from opposite pterygoid muscle

47
Q

CN X lesion

A

Uvula deviates away from side of lesion

48
Q

CN XI lesion

A

Head turns to contralateral side of lesion (SCM). shoulder droop on side of lesion (trapezius)

49
Q

CN XII lesion (LMN)

A

tongue deviates toward side of lesion due to weakened tongue muscles on affected side

50
Q

Atrophy of what region of brain is very suggestive of alzheimer disease

A

Hippocampal atrophy

51
Q

Reason you have impaired consciousness in complex partial vs simple partial seizures?

A

Involvement of the diencephalon

52
Q

triad of meneire disease?

A

tinnitus, vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss

53
Q

Schwannomas can arise from all cranial nerves except what?

A

Cranial nerve II (not a peripheral nerve)

54
Q

Opioid analgesic that is a partial mu aganist and weak antagonist that is specifically designed to produce little to no abuse potential

A

Pentazocine

55
Q

What is diphenoxylate combined with to discourage opioid abuse?

A

Atropine

USMLE Step 1-2015 (18 decks)

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