Neuro

Question 1

Notochord induction and development occurs during what days

Answer 1

day 18-21

Question 2

Neuroectoderm gives rise to what cells?

Answer 2

CNS neurons, ependymal cells (inner lining of ventricles make csf), astrocytes, oligodendrocytes

Question 3

Neural crest

Answer 3

gives rise to PNS neurons, schwann cells

Question 4

Mesoderm

Answer 4

gives rise to microglia (macrophages of CNS)

Question 5

Most common location of syringomyelia

Answer 5

C8-T1

Question 6

Palatoglossus innervation

Answer 6

CN X

Question 7

What is synaptophysin?

Answer 7

portein found in presynaptic vesicles of neurons, neuroendocrine, and neuroectodermal cells. CNS tumors of neuronal origin typically stain for synaptophysin on immunohistochemistry

Question 8

3 glial cells

Answer 8

astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes

Question 9

Free nerve endings
Description
Location
Senses

Answer 9

AS-fast, myelinated fibers; C-slow, unmyelinated fibers
Located throughout all skin, epidermis, some viscera
Pain and temperature senses

Question 10

Meissner corpuscles
Description
Location
Senses

Answer 10

Large, myelinated fibers; adapt quickly
Glabrous (hairless) skin
Dynamic, fine/light touch, position sense

Question 11

Pacinian corpuscles
Description
Location
Senses

Answer 11

Large, myelinate fibers; adapt quickly
Deep skin layers, ligaments, joints
Vibration, pressure

Question 12

Merkel discs
Description
Location
Senses

Answer 12

Large, myelinated fibers; adapt slowly
Finger tips, superficial skin
Pressure, deep static tough (e.g. shapes edges), position sense

Question 13

Ruffini corpuscles
Description
Location
Senses

Answer 13

Dendritic endings with capsule; adapt slowly
Finger tips, joints
Pressure, slippage of objects along surface of skin, joint angle change

Question 14

Location of NE synthesis

Answer 14

Locus cereleus (pons)–>stress an panic for locus cereleus

Question 15

Location of Dopamine synthesis

Answer 15

Ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra pars compacta (midbrain)

Question 16

Location of 5-HT synthesis

Answer 16

Raphe nuclei (pons, medulla, midbrain)

Question 17

Location of ACh synthesis

Answer 17

Basal nucleus of Meynert

Question 18

Location of GABA synthesis

Answer 18

Nucleus accumbens (pleasure, reward center, addiction, fear)

Question 19

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter of CNS

Answer 19

glycine

Question 20

Main excitatory NT of CNS

Answer 20

glutamate

Question 21

Inputs to hypothalamus

Answer 21

OVLT, area postrema (areas not protected by BBB)

Question 22

Leptin regulates what two ways

Answer 22

Decreases production of Neuropeptide Y which is a potent appetite stimulant normally having neurons project to lateral area of hypothalamus

Increases prduction of POMC which inhibits food intake

Question 23

Thalamus relays all ascending sensory info except..

Answer 23

olfaction (smell)

Question 24

What makes up the striatum?

Answer 24

putamen (motor) and caudate (cognitive)

Question 25

What makes up the lentiform?

Answer 25

putamen + globus pallidus

Question 26

First liine treatment for benign essential tremor?

Answer 26

Primidone

Question 27

Common underlying etiology of hemiballismus

Answer 27

Lacunar stroke

Question 28

Equation for cerebral perfusion pressure

Answer 28

CPP=MAP-ICP

Question 29

Amyloid angiopathy most commonly affects what lobes?

Answer 29

occipital and parietal lobes

Question 30

Dural venous sinus empty into from what?

Answer 30

internal jugular vein (outside skull) via the sigmoid sinus (inside the skull) through the jugular foramen

Question 31

In dural sinus what is main location of CSF return via arachnoid granulations

Answer 31

superior sagittal sinus

Question 32

Most common location of vertebral disc herniation?

Answer 32

occur posterolaterally through annulus fibrosus (outer ring) at L4-L5 or L5-S1

Question 33

Where does the spinal cord end?

Answer 33

L2 (level of the conus medullaris)

Question 34

Where does subarachnoid space end?

Answer 34

Lower border of S2 vertebrae

Question 35

Lumbar puncture location

Answer 35

L3-L4, L4-L5

Question 36

Inheritance of Werdnig hoffman (spinal muscular atrophy)

Answer 36

auto recessive

Question 37

Nucleus solitarius function and cn nuclei involved

Answer 37

Visceral sensory information (e.g. taste, baroreceptors, gut distention) VII, IX, X

Question 38

Nucleus ambiguus function and cn nuclei involved

Answer 38

Motor innervation of pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus (e.g. swallowing, palate elevation) IX, X, IX (cranial portion)

Question 39

Dorsal motor nuclei function and cn nuclei involved

Answer 39

Sends autonomic (parasympathetic) fibers to heart, lungs, upper gi

Question 40

Corneal reflex afferent and efferent

Answer 40

Afferent: v1 ophthalmic (nasociliary branch) Efferent: VII (temporal branch: orbicularis oculi)

Question 41

Lacrimation

Answer 41

Afferent: V1 (loss of reflex does not preculude emotional tears) Efferent: VII

Question 42

Jaw jerk

Answer 42

afferent: v3 (sensory-muslce spindle from masseter) efferent: v1 (motor-masseter)

Question 43

Pupillary

Answer 43

afferent: II efferent: III

Question 44

Gag

Answer 44

afferent: IX efferent: X

Question 45

Cough (inititated by upper respiratory tract irritation)

Answer 45

afferent: X efferent: X

Question 46

CN V motor lesion

Answer 46

Jaw deviates toward side of lesion due to unopposed force from opposite pterygoid muscle

Question 47

CN X lesion

Answer 47

Uvula deviates away from side of lesion

Question 48

CN XI lesion

Answer 48

Head turns to contralateral side of lesion (SCM). shoulder droop on side of lesion (trapezius)

Question 49

CN XII lesion (LMN)

Answer 49

tongue deviates toward side of lesion due to weakened tongue muscles on affected side

Question 50

Atrophy of what region of brain is very suggestive of alzheimer disease

Answer 50

Hippocampal atrophy

Question 51

Reason you have impaired consciousness in complex partial vs simple partial seizures?

Answer 51

Involvement of the diencephalon

Question 52

triad of meneire disease?

Answer 52

tinnitus, vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss

Question 53

Schwannomas can arise from all cranial nerves except what?

Answer 53

Cranial nerve II (not a peripheral nerve)

Question 54

Opioid analgesic that is a partial mu aganist and weak antagonist that is specifically designed to produce little to no abuse potential

Answer 54

Pentazocine

Question 55

What is diphenoxylate combined with to discourage opioid abuse?

Answer 55

Atropine