Behavioral Science

Question 1

Sensitivity equation?

Answer 1

TP/(TP+FN)

Question 2

Specificity equation?

Answer 2

TN/(TN+FP)

Question 3

PPV equation?

Answer 3

TP/(TP+FP)

Question 4

NPV equation?

Answer 4

TN/(TN+FN)

Question 5

Incidence rate?

Answer 5

new cases/# ppl at risk

Question 6

Prevalance?

Answer 6

of existing cases/total # in population

Question 7

Odds rato

Answer 7

(a/c)/(b/d)=ad/bc or (a/b)/(c/d)

Question 8

Relative risk

Answer 8

(a/(a+b)/(c/(c+d))

Question 9

Attributable risk

Answer 9

AR=(a/a+b)-(c/c+d)

Question 10

Relative risk reduction

Answer 10

RRR=1-RR

Question 11

Absolute risk reduction

Answer 11

c/c+d-(a/a+b)

Question 12

Number needed to treat

Answer 12

NNT=1/ARR

Question 13

Number needed to harm

Answer 13

NNH=1/AR

Question 14

Risk (probability of developing a disease over a certain period of time)

Answer 14

(a/a+b)

Question 15

Standard deviation vs Standard error in terms of description

Answer 15

Standard deviation-how much variability exists from the mean in a set of values
Standard error-variance in mean between the sample and the true population mean

Question 16

When does mean=median=mode?

Answer 16

only in a normal distribution

Question 17

Error in assigning subjects to a study group resulting in an unrepresentative sample

Answer 17

Selection bias

Question 18

Awareness of disorder alters recall by subjects; common in retrospective studies

Answer 18

Recall bias

Question 19

Information is gathered in a way that distorts it

Answer 19

Measurement bias

Question 20

Subjects in different groups are not treated the same

Answer 20

Procedure bias

Question 21

Researcher’s belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of that treatment

Answer 21

Pygmalion effect seen in observer expectancy bias

Question 22

Sending survey out to patients 5 years after diagnosis is preferentially sampling those with low grade disease

Answer 22

Late-look bias

Question 23

When a factor is related to both the exposure and outcome, but not the causal pathway–> factor distorts or confuses effect of exposure on outcome

Answer 23

Confounding bias

Question 24

Present when the effect of the main exposure on the outcome is modified by the presence of another variable. It is a natural phenomenon that should be described, but not connected

Answer 24

Effect modification

Question 25

Tendencey of subjects to change their behavior as a result of awareness that they are being studied

Answer 25

Hawthorne effect (or observer effect)

Question 26

Early dectection is confused with increased survival

Answer 26

lead-time bias

Question 27

Applied to both disease and pathogenesis and exposure to risk modifiers. Initial steps in pathogenesis and or expsoure to a risk factor sometimes occur years before clinical manifestations of disease are evident. Additionally, exposure to risk modifiers may need to be continuous over a period of time before influencing the outcome

Answer 27

Latent period

Question 28

How can you increase power and decrease Beta

Answer 28

Increase sample size, increase expected effect size, increase precision of measurement

Question 29

confidence interval equation

Answer 29

mean+/z(SEM)

Question 30

What happens if CI between 2 groups overlap?

Answer 30

No significant difference exists

Question 31

What happens if CI between 2 groups do not overlap?

Answer 31

Significant difference exists

Question 32

If 95% CI for 2 variables includes 0 (null value), what happens?

Answer 32

H0 is not rejected and no significant difference exists

Question 33

If 95% CI for odds ratio or relative risk includes 1 (null value), what happens?

Answer 33

H0 is not rejected and and no significant difference exists

Question 34

A 95% CI that does not cross the null value corresponds to what?

Question 35

A 99% CI that does not cross the null value corresponds to what?

Question 36

Exception to medicare for >65

Question 37

4 parts of informed consent

Answer 37

Discloure, Understanding, Capacity (ability to reason and make one's own decisions), Voluntariness

Question 38

2 situations where parental consent does not need to be obtained for minor

Answer 38

Emergent treatment or legally emancipated

Question 39

3 situations where parenteral consent is not required

Answer 39

1) Sex (contraception, STIs, pregnancy) 2) Drugs (addiction) 3) Rock and roll (emergency and trauma)

Question 40

Capacity vs Competency

Answer 40

Capacity-ability to reason and make one's own decisions | Competency-legal determination

Question 41

Can a patient who is incompetent revoke a medical power of attorney?

Answer 41

Yes

Question 42

What 2 things do not decrease as you get older?

Answer 42

Sexual interest, intelligence

Question 43

Common causes of death by age

Answer 43

Congenital malformation, Preterm birth, SIDS

Question 44

Common causes of death age 1-14 year

Answer 44

Unintentional injury, Cancer, Congenital malformations

Question 45

Common causes of death 15-34 year

Answer 45

Untintentional injury, Suicide, Homicide

Question 46

Common causes of death 35-44 years

Answer 46

Unintential injury, Cancer, Heart disease

Question 47

Common cause of death 45-64 year

Answer 47

Cancer, Heart disease, Unintentional injury

Question 48

Common cause of death 65 year +

Answer 48

Heart disease, Cancer, Chronic respiratory disease

Question 49

What is presbycusis

Answer 49

Sensorineural hearing loss (often of higher frequencies) due to destruction of hair cells at the base. Lower frequency sounds is preserved becuause hair cells at apex preserved

Question 50

Cessation of what is the most effective preventative intervention in almost all patients

Answer 50

Smoking cessation