neuro 2 Flashcards
affect of ammonia on respiration
ammonia is a respiratory stimulant therefore causes respiratory alkalosis
disorder of tone, posture, movement, caused by a non progressive brain lesion in a developing brain
Cerebral palsy
3 types of cerebral palsy
1) Spastic
2) Dyskinetic
3) Ataxic
name condition: Progressive muscular weakness due to absence of dystrophin
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
inheritance of DMD
X-linked recessive
name 5 complications of DMD
- Scoliosis
- Cardiomyopathy
- Resp failure
- Osteoporosis
- Learning disability
role of dystrophin protein?
this protein provides structural links between muscle fibres therefore lack of protein leads to progressive deterioration of muscle structure
diagnostic criteria for T1DM
Fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 7
or
2 hour plasma glucose greater than or equal to 11.1
blood glucose target for driving
greater than or equal to 5
1st line treatment for generalised tonic clonic seizures
Sodium valporate
2nd line treatment for generalised tonic clonic seizures
lamotrigine or carbamazepine
4 ways a focal seizure can present?
- Hallucinations
- memory flashbacks
- deja vu
- doing something strange on autopilot
1st line treatment for focal seizures?
carbamazepine or lamotrigine
2nd line treatment for focal seizures
sodium valproate or levetiracetam
describe the course of an absence seizure
the patient becomes blank, stares into space and then abruptly returns to normal. unresponsive during episode, typically lasts 10-20 seconds
1st line treatment for absence seizures
Sodium valporate or ethosuximide
what type of seizures can occur in children as part of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
myoclonic seizures
what are infantile spasms also known as?
West syndorme
condition characterised by clusters of full body spasms
west syndrome
age for febrile convulsions
6 months & 5 years
when should an MRI be considered in the invx of seizures?
- Seizures not responding to medications
- Focal seizures
- First seizure is under 2 years old
3 side effects of Na Valporate
- hepatitis
- hair loss
- tremor
3 side effects of carbmazepine
- agranulocytosis
- aplastic anaemia
- induces P450 system
3 side effects of phenytoin
- folate & vit d deficiency
- megaloblastic anaemia
- osteomalacia
2 side effects of ethosuximide
- night tremors
- rashes
how is status epilepticus defined
seizure lasting more than 5 minutes
or
more than 3 seizures in one hour
proportion of those with febrile seizures that will have another one?
1/3
medication for excessive drooling, often in cerebral palsy
Glycopyrronium bromide
what is squint also known as
stabismus
what is amblyopia?
when the lazy eye becomes more disconnected from the brain and over time the probelm becomes worse
define strabismus
misalignment of the eyes
Esotropia is …
inward moving squint
Exotropia is …
outwards moving squint
Hypertropia is …
upward moving affected eye
Hypotropia is …
downward moving affected eye
4 causes of squint
- SoL
- Trauma
- cerebral palsy
- Hydrocephalus
management of squint
Occlusive eye patch
& referral to ophthalmologist for management plan
condition where the cerebellum herniates downwards through the foramen magnum, blocking the outflow of CSF
Arnold-Chiari malformation
signs of hydrocephalus
- bulging anterior fontanelle
- poor feeding & vomiting
- poor tone
- sleepiness
examination sign seen in muscular dystrophy
Gower’s sign
caused by proximal muscle weakness/weak muscles around pelvis
