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MEDS1001 > neuro 2 > Flashcards

neuro 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Ion channel

A

special protein molecule located in the membrane of a cell; controls the entry/exit of particular ions

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2
Q

Resting potential

A

membrane potential of a neuron when it is not producing an action potential

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3
Q

Action potential

A

sudden reversal of the electrical charge across the cell membrane: from the soma to its terminal buttons, causes the release of a neurotransmitter

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4
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical released by terminal buttons that causes the postsynaptic neuron to be excited or inhibited

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5
Q

Myelin sheath

A

insulating material that encases most axons
prevents depolarisation and speeds up propagation of AP

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6
Q

Terminal button

A

the rounded spelling at the end of the axon, releases neurotransmitter

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7
Q

Axon

A

long thin part of a neuron attached to the soma, divided into a few/many branches ending in terminal buttons

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8
Q

Soma

A

cell body, largest part of neuron

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9
Q

Dendrite

A

treelike part of neuron on which other neurons form synapses

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10
Q

Neurons

A

neural cell that consists of a cell body with dendrites and an axon whose branches end in terminal buttons that synapse with muscle fibres, gland cells or other neurons

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11
Q

Nerves

A

bundles of many thousands of individual fibres wrapped with tough membrane, transmit messages

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12
Q

Wrinkled cortex

A

bulges (gyri) and grooves (fissures) - more complex brains require a larger cerebral cortex, these increase surface area

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13
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

thin layer of tissue (grey matter) which contains billions of neural cells. Where perceptions take place, memories are stored, plans are formulated and executed.

These cells are connected to other parts of the brain through bundles of nerve fibres called white matter

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14
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Capillaries in the brain do not have openings, unlike ones on the rest of the body, to protect the brain from chemical assault

Not perfect, toxic chemicals sometimes still make their way into the brain

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15
Q

Protection of NS

A

Spinal cord runs through the middle of the spinal column - a stack of hollow bones called the vertebrae

Brain and spinal cord enclosed by a three-layered set of membranes known as the meninges

Brain and spinal cord doesn’t not touch skull/vertebrae: floats in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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16
Q

Cerebrum

A

More recently evolved
Perception, memories and behaviours

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17
Q

Cerebellum

A

Attached to back of brain stem
Control and coordinate movements; especially rapid, skilled movements (includes learned ones)

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18
Q

Brain stem

A

Most primitive region of brain - controls physiological functions and automatic behaviours
Some animals, such as amphibians, only have a brain stem and a simple cerebellum

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19
Q

3 major functions of the brain

A
  1. Controlling behaviour
  2. Processing and retaining the information we receive from the environment
  3. Regulating the body’s physiological processes
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20
Q

What does the brain control?

A

muscles, glands and internal organs

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21
Q

How does info from the rest of the body get to the spinal cord and the brain?

A

spinal nerves

22
Q

How does info from head/neck region reach the brain?

A

cranial nerves

23
Q

Sensory neuron

A

detects changes in the external/internal environment and sends info about this to CNS

24
Q

Motor neuron

A

has terminal buttons that form synapses with muscle fibres.

an action potential that travels down its axon will cause the muscle to twitch

25
Q

Synapse

A

junction between the terminal button of one neuron and the membrane of a muscle fibre, gland or other neuron.
neurons communicate using chemical transmission

26
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

neuron with terminal buttons that form synapses with and excite/inhibit another neuron

27
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

is excited or inhibited by another neuron’s terminal buttons

28
Q

Reuptake

A

molecules of the neurotransmitter that have been released in cleft are quickly taken up again so that it only has a short time to stimulate the postsynaptic receptors

29
Q

Glutamate

A

important excitatory neurotransmitter in brain and spinal cord

30
Q

GABA

A

important inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain

31
Q

Acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter: responsible for muscular contraction, activates cerebral cortex, controls REM sleep, controls hippocampus

32
Q

Serotonin

A

regulation of mood, control of eating/sleep/arousal and regulation of pain, suppresses risky behaviours

33
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system - brain and spinal cord

34
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral Nervous system - nerves, ANS, ENS

35
Q

ANS

A

autonomic NS - controls non-voluntary bodily functions (4Fs etc)
uses acetylcholine and noradrenaline

36
Q

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic NS: for action
Parasympathetic NS: for rest and recuperation

37
Q

ENS

A

1/2 billion neurons located in the wall of gastrointestinal tract
interacts with brain via symp- and para- NS but can function on its own
control digestive activity

38
Q

Meninges

A

flexible sheet made of 3 membranes between bone and nervous tissue
1. Dura mater: tough + thick
2. Arachnoid membrane: spongy, filled wth CSF and blood vessels, cushioning
3. Pia mater: thin membrane against brain

39
Q

Spinal cord

A

interface between brain and PNS
* connected to sensory, motor, autonomic nerves
* Controls some movement like spinal reflexes

40
Q

Thalamus

A

sensory relay to cortex - smell doesnt go through it

41
Q

Hypothalamus

A

hormonal regulation and motivational control

42
Q

Limbic system

A

control of emotion and memory

43
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain

44
Q

Resting potential

A

when a neuron is not actively transmitting a nerve impulse
inside is more negatively charged than the outside, maintained by sodium potassium pumps.

45
Q

Refractory period

A

the time after an action potential is generated, it cannot produce a new AP because all sodium channels are already opened/being opening at maximum speed

46
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Planning and executive functions (memory selection as well)
Emotional expression
Problem solving
Language
Judgement
Sexual behaviours

47
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensory experiences are interpreted
Proprioception
Where things are in space, representing space for action

48
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Colour, Form, Motion

49
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Memory
Encoding
Processes auditory info
Taste
Recognise faces
Language

50
Q

3 parts of frontal lobe

A

Prefrontal - higher cognitive functions and personality
Motor
Premotor -

MEDS1001 (21 decks)

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