cellular respiration

Question 1

Compounds

Answer 1

Atoms exchange electronswith other elements to form compounds
The type of compound formed depends on the electronegativity (EN) of elements involved

Question 2

Ionic compounds

Answer 2

large EN difference

Question 3

Covalent (molecular) compounds

Answer 3

small electronegativity difference

Question 4

Polar covalent bonds

Answer 4

• Small difference in electronegativity between atoms
• Unequal sharing of electrons

Question 5

Non-polar covalent bonds

Answer 5

• Two atoms of the same electronegativity
• Equal sharing of electrons

Question 6

Oxidation-reduction reactions

Answer 6

Involve electron transfers
The breakdown of glucose to CO2 is an oxidation process

1. Oxygen (O2) gains hydrogen, thus gains electrons, Electrons reduced in CO2
2. Molecules that are oxidised lose electrons
   * Carbon is more electron poor when in the form of CO2 compared to glucose
   * Carbon is oxidised
3. Molecules that are reduced gain electrons
   * Oxygen is reduced

Question 7

OIL RIG

Answer 7

Oxidation is loss of H
Reduction is gain of H

Question 8

Anabolism

Answer 8

is to build
* take molecules and form larger molecules
* Glycogen from glucose
* Peptides from amino acids

Question 9

Catabolism

Answer 9

is to destroy
* taking molecules and breaking them into smaller ones
* Oxidation of glucose to CO2
* Breakdown of proteins to peptides

Question 10

ATP

Answer 10

most common carrier molecule
Energy stored in phosphate group bonds - break off group from ATP > release energy > left wit ADP and 3rd phosphate group

Question 11

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 11

the main mechanism of ATP synthesis in human cells
* Electron transport chain
* Chemiosmosis

Question 12

Chemiosmosis

Answer 12

Before ATP is synthesis, H+ are concentrated in the IMM creating an electrochemical gradient
* Energy is harvest from the flow of H+ down their electrochemical gradient
* Energy is used by ATP synthase to combine ADP + Pi -> ATP

Question 13

Electron transport chain

Answer 13

• Electrons donated by NADH & FADH2 move through protein complexes
• Protein complexes is reduced then oxidised, releasing energy which is used to pump concentrates H + in the intermembrane space
• Electrons eventually fall to O2 and combine with protons to form water
• PROTONS pumped from matrix to IMM

Question 14

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Answer 14

• NADH (reduced form): carries electrons and is a good electron donor
• NAD + (oxidised from): not carrying electrons and is a good electron acceptor

Question 15

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Answer 15

• FADH2 (reduced form): carries electrons and is a good electron donor
• FAD (oxidised form): not carrying electrons and is a good electron acceptor

Question 16

1.Glycolysis

Answer 16

Series of 10 reactions in the cytosol that produces 2 pyruvate molecules from 1 glucose molecule
* Energy molecules released
* Anaerobic
* Produces net 2 ATP
NAD+ picks up electrons and is reduced to NADH

Question 17

2.Intermediate reaction

Answer 17

During the process of pyruvateconverting to Acetyl CoA, electrons are removed and given to NADH in an electron basket
Pyruvate gets split

Question 18

3.Krebs Cycle

Answer 18

Series of 8 reactions in the mitochondrial matrix
* Products are 2 x CO2 , 4 molecules of reduced coenzymes, 1 ATP
* Where you get most of the electrons released as energy and picked up by electron carriers