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MEDS1001 > excretion > Flashcards

excretion Flashcards

1
Q

main role of kidney

A

Removers of waste, maintainers of balance
Maintain extracellular fluid composition and volume
Prevent build-up/depletion
Filtration followed by reabsorption
Produce some hormones (erythropoietin)

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2
Q

pathway of blood in kidneys

A

Aorta >Renal artery> blood enters kidney
Leaves kidneys >Renal Vein> Vena cava

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3
Q

Ureter

A

connects kidney to urinary bladder

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4
Q

Renal pelvis

A

huge drain to collect urine to funnel it to the ureter

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5
Q

Renal pyramid

A

bundles of tubules

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6
Q

Renal cortex

A

outer

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7
Q

Renal medulla

A

inner

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8
Q

Nephron

A

Tiny capillary delivering blood to tubule
Passes across boundary

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9
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, site ultrafication

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10
Q

Glomerulus

A

“ball of wool”: tangle of porous capillaries
1. The wall of the capillary (endothelium)
2. The glomerular basement membrane
3. Podocytes (food processors)

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11
Q

what can and cannot go through glomerulus

A

CAN
Small molecules (<3nm)
Water, glucose, amino acids, urea, small ions like Na+ and K+

CANNOT
Large proteins
Blood cells (red and white)

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12
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

surrounds glomerulus, absorb filtrate from it
Water pressure forces things out of capillaries into Bowman’s capsule

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13
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

Lined with cells covered in microvilli

Main site of reabsorption of most solutes (glucose, Na+, amino acids, vitamins, bicarbonate)

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14
Q

Reabsorption of glucose in proximal convoluted tubule

A

Na+ is actively pumped out of the tubule, glucose is cotransported with Na+ via trans-membrane protein

active trans

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15
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Inside the medulla
Thin, Descending limb
Thick, Ascending limb
Assists in reducing the water content of urine

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16
Q

passive transport in loop of henle

A

Descending - water moves out as it goes down (reclaim water)
Ascending - thickened wall starts lower down, prevents water from moving across the wall of tubule
Amount of water is sort of locked in, stays the same
*Active pumping of Na+ and Cl- : stops water from flowing back into tubule via passive transport

17
Q

Concentration of solutes are stronger as you descend further into the medulla

A

true

18
Q

Distal convoluted tubal

A

Similar to proximal but shorter and with fewer microvilli

  • Excess K+ is actively secrete into the nephron here, under control of Aldosterone
  • Excess H+ is also secreted here, helping to maintain blood pH balance
19
Q

Collecting duct

A

Collects urine produced from many nephrons and delivers it to the renal pelvis
Involved in water balance:
* Permeable to water
* Reabsorbs water under the influence of Vasopressin, produced in the hypothalamus
* Vasopressin increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water

20
Q

The kidney filters the blood by…

A

20% plasma volume removed into nephron
70% of that is reabsorbed almost immediately in Proximal Convoluted Tubule

21
Q

MEASURING GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE

A

GFR = (concentration in urine x urine flow rate (mL/min)) / concentration in blood

22
Q

Inulin

A

plant carbohydrate, not reabsorbed at all by kidney
End up being urinate
How much goes in vs. how much comes out
How quickly this occurs

23
Q

Creatinine

A

muscle breakdown byproduct - not reabsorbed
(and actually actively secreted a little)

24
Q

Aldosterone

A

Produced by the adrenal gland (which sits on top of the kidney) in response to low blood pressure
Increased reabsorption of Na+ in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
Therefore increases blood volume because water follows Na+ passively

25
Q

Vasopressin (ADH)

A

Produced by the hypothalamus in response to high solute concentration in the blood
Increase reabsorption of water in the nephron collecting duct
Therefore increase blood volume

26
Q

Renal threshold

A

Concentration of a blood component above which the kidney removes it in the urine

27
Q

Composition of urine

A

95% water
2.5%> Urea: largest component after water, by-product of protein metabolism
Na+: largest component after Urea
Urochrome - by-product of haemoglobin breakdown

MEDS1001 (21 decks)

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