detoxification

Question 1

location of liver

Answer 1

Under rib cage, mainly on the right side of the body

Question 2

role of liver

Answer 2

Maintains blood glucose levels
Produces ketone bodies, amino acids and other nutrients
Distributes cholesterol and triglycerides
Manufactured plasma proteins (albumin) and most coagulation factors
Makes bile
+

Question 3

Hepatic vein

Answer 3

nutrient levels moderated

Question 4

Hepatic artery

Answer 4

conducting high o2, nutrient rich blood into liver

Question 5

Portal triad

Answer 5

where blood enters, bile produced by liver is removed.

Question 6

Hepatic portal vein

Answer 6

blood from gut into liver tissue

Question 7

Hepatic duct

Answer 7

conducting blood away from liver tissue

Question 8

Central vein

Answer 8

where blood leaves

Question 9

Glucagon

Answer 9

causes the liver to release glucose

Question 10

Insulin

Answer 10

causes the liver to store glucose as glycogen

Question 11

Cholesterol

Answer 11

Cell membranes, hormones (progesterone and testosterone)

Question 12

High density/Low density lipoprotein

Answer 12

LDL “bad cholesterol” - blocking blood flow etc.
HDL “good cholesterol” - moves away from these sites

Question 13

Albumin

Answer 13

blood protein mainly responsible for maintaining blood osmolarity
Can also help transfer water-insoluble molecules

Question 14

Coagulation factors

Answer 14

blood protein mainly responsible for wound healing
Fibrinogen, prothrombin etc
Damage results in a cascade of reactions, most of which involves proteins made by the liver

Question 15

Amino acids

Answer 15

building blocks of proteins
Liver syntheses most non-essential amino acids
Liver also breaks down amino acids, repackages into urea

Question 16

Ketogenesis

Answer 16

production of ketone bodies, controlled by a negative feedback loop. Lowers blood pH

Question 17

pH balance

Answer 17

Livers respiratory activities have a large impact on blood pH

Performs this job along with the lungs and kidneys

Question 18

Serotonin

Answer 18

multifunctional neurotransmitter, mainly released by the gastrointestinal system

Question 19

Oxytocin

Answer 19

polypeptide hormone associated with maternal behaviour, love, attention and trust

Question 20

Oestrogen

Answer 20

• primary female sex hormone

Question 21

Testosterone

Answer 21

• primary male sex hormone

Question 22

The Liver and Alcohol Clearance

Answer 22

• Normal metabolism produces small amounts of ethanol
• Acetaldehyde is toxic
• Series of steps to modify the molecule
• Acetate is released into the bloodstream.
• Broken down into CO2 and Water in muscle tissue

Question 23

Destruction of pathogens and old RBCs

Answer 23

Blood coming from the gut is full of bacteria
Specialised cells in the liver can destroy bacteria and viruses
Bilirubin - Byproduct of the breakdown of old red blood cells
Removed by the liver into the gallbladder

Question 24

most iron in the body is stored in the…

Answer 24

liver: carried in by ferittin, carried out by transferrin

Question 25

Bile

Answer 25

Assists in the breakdown of fats in gut
Acts as a surfactant (like a detergent) due to Bile salts, produced from cholesterol
Does not contain enzymes
Alkaline, helps to neutralise stomach acid

Question 26

Biliary excretion

Answer 26

removal of toxin/drug products from the blood into the bile, then removed from the body via the gut. This assists in mass balance.

Question 27

Gallbladder

Answer 27

Stores and releases bile from the liver
Can be removed

Question 28

Liver failure

Answer 28

Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
Bleeding easily
Excess oestrogen
Blood pressure changes
Jaundice