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MEDS1001 > circulatory system > Flashcards

circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

2 main parts of the circulatory system

A

pulmonary and systemics circuits

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2
Q

blood flows…

A

unidirectionally in the body through and the heart

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3
Q

Endothelium - blood vessels

A

common, inner cell lining, single cell layer thick

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4
Q

Elastic tissue - blood vessels

A

stretch, extend and come back to shape, in veins and arteries

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5
Q

Smooth muscle - blood vessels

A

contraction and relaxation of blood vessels, maintain pressure within the system
main component of arteriole

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6
Q

Fibrous tissue - blood vessels

A

Provides structure
main component of venule

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7
Q

Arteriole

A

resistance vessels within the body, tightly regulated, regulation of blood to underlying tissue

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8
Q

Capillaries

A

where exchange occurs (gasses)

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9
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

1st circulation
Blood from heart > gets oxygenated in lungs > returns to heart

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10
Q

Oxygenated blood leaves heart via

A

aorta (largest): thick muscular structure - relates to pressure
Blood goes everywhere

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11
Q

systemic circulation

A

2nd circulation
Takes oxygenated to blood to the rest of the body

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12
Q

Arteries

A

Away from heart

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13
Q

Veins

A

Return to heart

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14
Q

Circulation and how blood flows

A

Typical Artery > arteriole > capillary bed > venule > vein
Portal systems: additional filtration

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15
Q

What is blood?

A

It is a connective tissue made up of cellular elements, suspended in a fluid matrix
transport O2

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16
Q

blood composition

A

92% water
7% protein
1% dissolved organic molecules

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17
Q

cellular elements of blood

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets

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18
Q

types of WBC

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

19
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Controlled by the glycoprotein erythropoietin (EPO) + some cytokines
* Produced by the kidneys
* The trigger for EPO release is hypoxia (low blood O2 lvls)

20
Q

Blood doping

A

Used to improve athletic performance by artificially improving the body’s ability to transport O2 to the tissues/muscles
Three common types:
1. Blood transfusion
2. Injection of EPO
3. Injection of synthetic O2 carriers

21
Q

Heart

A

The workhouse of the body:
Generates a pressure to force blood continuously around the body
Composed predominantly of cardiac muscle

22
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

3 cusps
Stops blood backflow from right ventricle into the right atrium

23
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

2 cusps
Stop blood flowing backwards from left ventricle into left atrium

24
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

3 cusps
determine the passage of blood between the ventricles and the main arteries, transporting blood away from the heart to the vital organs

25
Q

How does the heart contract?

A

Specialised cells within the heart generate an electrical signal to coordinate contraction
1. Sinoatrial node (S node)
2. Atrioventricular node (AV node) - down Bundles of His
3. Purkinje fibres
Depolarises the membrane, spreading rapidly throughout the conducting pathway

26
Q

Systole

A

pressure in the arteries when the heart has contracted

27
Q

Diastole

A

pressure in the arteries when the heart is fully relaxed

28
Q

Mechanical events of the heart

A

Cycles between contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole)

29
Q

after each beat,

A

blood still remains in the heart (65mL)
* never “empty” heart
* protective mechanism

30
Q

stroke volume (SV)

A

the volume ejected after each contraction

31
Q

Performance is measured by…

A

cardiac output CO
CO = SV X HR
CO = 70 mL/beat x 72 bpm = 5.4 L/min

32
Q

HR is altered by…

A

ANS
* by changes to the depolarisation of the autorhythmic cells

33
Q

Arterial system is under…

A

high pressure

34
Q

Venous system is under…

A

low pressure

35
Q

Why does blood pressure decrease as we get further away from the heart?

A

Picking up friction from blood vessel walls

36
Q

blood pressure

A

normal : 120/80 mmHg
As the heart oscillates between contraction and relaxation, measurements are taken at these points
* 120 mmHg is the systolic pressure
* 80 mmHg is the diastolic pressure

37
Q

postural hypotension

A
  • If we don’t move our legs we cannot bring blood to the heart
  • Low pressure assoc. with the venous side of the circulation
  • Standing causes our blood to pool at the feet
  • If not enough blood is returning to the heart, we faint to “rectify” the problem
  • Take away effect of gravity
38
Q

Capillary transport

A

Deliver key nutrients and remove wastes from tissue

39
Q

Transcytosis (capillary trans)

A

Package within cells and move across membrane

40
Q

Bulk flow (capillary trans)

A

Mass movement of molecules and water into interstitial fluid

Driven by pressures

41
Q

Movement between endothelium (capillary trans)

A

Between cells themselves - soluble/small/particular charge

42
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Leaky junctions
Allow water and small dissolved solute to pass through

43
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Large pores
Allow additional movement
Found in the kidney, brain etc.

44
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Returned fluid lost in interstitial space back to the circulatory system
Fat absorption from gut into circulation
Destroy foreign pathogens

MEDS1001 (21 decks)

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