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pathophysiology > neuro > Flashcards

neuro Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 nervous systems?

A

the CNS and the PNS

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2
Q

what components are involved in the CNS?

A

the brain, brainstem, spinal cord, and the cerebellum

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3
Q

what components are involved in the PNS?

A

the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves

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4
Q

what are meninges?

A

layers of the brain

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5
Q

what is hydrocephalus?

A

“water on the brain” or cerebral spinal fluid buiding up on the skull

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6
Q

is hydrocephalus cogenetial?

A

yes it is, but it can also manifest later in life

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7
Q

what causes hydrocephalus?

A

when csf is not absorbed properly by the bloodstream

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8
Q

what are some risk factors for hydrocephalus?

A

being premature, having other birth defects, drug abuse, etc

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9
Q

how serious is hydrocephalus?

A

it can be fatal if it is left untreated

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10
Q

how does hydrocephalus manifest in children?

A

large heads, seizures, and developmental delay

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11
Q

how does hydrocephalus manifest in adults?

A

blurred vision, headaches, nausea, memory loss, irritability

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12
Q

how do we treat hydrocephalus?

A

surgical repair of the blockage

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13
Q

what is spina bifida?

A

a neural tube defect that affects the spinal cord

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14
Q

what is a cause behind spina bifida?

A

the spinal process doesn’t fuse properly so the meninges herniate (pop out)

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15
Q

what are some risk factors for spina bifida?

A

maternal neurological defecits, medications, diabetes mellitus

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16
Q

what is the mildest form of spina bifida?

A

occulta

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17
Q

what is the medium form of spina bifida

A

meningocele

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18
Q

what is the worst spina bifida?

A

myelomeningocele

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19
Q

what is cerebral paulsey?

A

a group of disorders that cause the person to lose motor function, muscle movement, etc at birth

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20
Q

where is damage usually going to be for cerebral paulsey?

A

the cerebellum

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21
Q

what are some maternal risk factors for cerebral paulsey?

A

low birth weights, multiple births, drug abuse, neuro infections, exposure to toxins

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22
Q

what are some manifestations of cerebral paulsey?

A

early reflexes, excessive drooling, developmental delays, trouble swallowing

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23
Q

does cerebral paulsey vary in severity?

A

yes it varies

24
Q

what is meningitis?

A

inflammation of the meninges due to an infection

25
Q

what are some causative agents for meningitis?

A

bacteria and viruses

26
Q

what are manifestations of meningitis?

A

fever, chills, altered mental status, nausea, vomiting

27
Q

what are some complications with meningitis?

A

neuro damage, renal failure, parylisis, speech damage

28
Q

what is encephilitis?

A

an infection of the brain and spinal cord?

29
Q

what is the cause of encephilitis?

A

virus or bacteria

30
Q

what are the types of encephalitis and meningitis?

A

self limiting and life threatining

31
Q

which people are at more of a risk for having progressive encephilitis?

A

the immunocompromised, old adults, and young children

32
Q

what are the manifestations of encephilitis?

A

similar to meningitis

33
Q

what is the zika virus?

A

an illnes that is caused by a virus that is transmitted by a mosquito

34
Q

what are the manifestations of zika virus?

A

usually none, but in severe cases, it can be microcephaly, occular lesions

35
Q

how do we prevent zika virus?

A

minimize outside exposure in zika affected areas, wearing spray with deet

36
Q

what is a TBI?

A

when a sudden blow is dealt to the bead and the brain is injured

37
Q

how do manifestations present with TBI?

A

can be a lot, can be a little, could be none at all

38
Q

is outside head appearance an indicator of severity?

A

no

39
Q

what is a closed TBI?

A

when the brain has lots of sudden movement and the neurological function is interupted

40
Q

what is an open TBI

A

when there is a fracture of the skull and fragments enter the brain

41
Q

what are some manifestations of a TBI?

A

not being able to recall events, behavior changes, siezures, mood and personality changes

42
Q

what is increased cranial pressure?

A

when the volume of the cranium is increased due to something like CSF or blood building up on the area

43
Q

do the blood vessels constrict or dilate when there is ICP?

A

they constrict (vasoconstriction)

44
Q

what is cranial herniation?

A

when part of the brain comes out due to ICP

45
Q

what is a hematoma?

A

a collection of blood and tissue from a damaged blood vessel

46
Q

what do hematomas develop from?

A

TBI

47
Q

what is an epidural hematoma?

A

tearing of the dura and the skull

48
Q

is an epidural hematoma coming from an artery or vein?

A

artery

49
Q

what is the pattern of epidural hematoma?

A

loss of consciousness, alterness, and then loss of consciousness again

50
Q

what is a subdural hematoma?

A

a tear with the dura and the arachnoid space

51
Q

is a subdural hematoma caused by a tear from artery or vein

A

vein

52
Q

what is intracerebral hematoma?

A

bleeding from the brain tissue itself

53
Q

what is subarachnoid hematoma?

A

bleeding from the subarachnoid tissue

54
Q

what is a spinal cord injury?

A

an injury to the spinal cord or its surrounding accessories

55
Q

what are some causes of spinal cord injuries?

A

accidents, falls, violence

56
Q

what are manifestations of spinal cord injuries?

A

loss of neurological function, paralysis

57
Q

what are some complications of spinal cord injuries?

A

loss of functions, icnontinence, respiratory failure

pathophysiology (12 decks)

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