neuro Flashcards by Ivan Parker

what are the 2 nervous systems?

the CNS and the PNS

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what components are involved in the CNS?

the brain, brainstem, spinal cord, and the cerebellum

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what components are involved in the PNS?

the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves

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what are meninges?

layers of the brain

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what is hydrocephalus?

“water on the brain” or cerebral spinal fluid buiding up on the skull

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is hydrocephalus cogenetial?

yes it is, but it can also manifest later in life

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what causes hydrocephalus?

when csf is not absorbed properly by the bloodstream

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what are some risk factors for hydrocephalus?

being premature, having other birth defects, drug abuse, etc

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how serious is hydrocephalus?

it can be fatal if it is left untreated

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how does hydrocephalus manifest in children?

large heads, seizures, and developmental delay

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how does hydrocephalus manifest in adults?

blurred vision, headaches, nausea, memory loss, irritability

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how do we treat hydrocephalus?

surgical repair of the blockage

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what is spina bifida?

a neural tube defect that affects the spinal cord

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what is a cause behind spina bifida?

the spinal process doesn’t fuse properly so the meninges herniate (pop out)

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what are some risk factors for spina bifida?

maternal neurological defecits, medications, diabetes mellitus

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what is the mildest form of spina bifida?

occulta

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what is the medium form of spina bifida

meningocele

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what is the worst spina bifida?

myelomeningocele

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what is cerebral paulsey?

a group of disorders that cause the person to lose motor function, muscle movement, etc at birth

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where is damage usually going to be for cerebral paulsey?

the cerebellum

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what are some maternal risk factors for cerebral paulsey?

low birth weights, multiple births, drug abuse, neuro infections, exposure to toxins

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what are some manifestations of cerebral paulsey?

early reflexes, excessive drooling, developmental delays, trouble swallowing

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does cerebral paulsey vary in severity?

yes it varies

what is meningitis?

inflammation of the meninges due to an infection

what are some causative agents for meningitis?

bacteria and viruses

what are manifestations of meningitis?

fever, chills, altered mental status, nausea, vomiting

what are some complications with meningitis?

neuro damage, renal failure, parylisis, speech damage

what is encephilitis?

an infection of the brain and spinal cord?

what is the cause of encephilitis?

virus or bacteria

what are the types of encephalitis and meningitis?

self limiting and life threatining

which people are at more of a risk for having progressive encephilitis?

the immunocompromised, old adults, and young children

what are the manifestations of encephilitis?

similar to meningitis

what is the zika virus?

an illnes that is caused by a virus that is transmitted by a mosquito

what are the manifestations of zika virus?

usually none, but in severe cases, it can be microcephaly, occular lesions

how do we prevent zika virus?

minimize outside exposure in zika affected areas, wearing spray with deet

what is a TBI?

when a sudden blow is dealt to the bead and the brain is injured

how do manifestations present with TBI?

can be a lot, can be a little, could be none at all

is outside head appearance an indicator of severity?

what is a closed TBI?

when the brain has lots of sudden movement and the neurological function is interupted

what is an open TBI

when there is a fracture of the skull and fragments enter the brain

what are some manifestations of a TBI?

not being able to recall events, behavior changes, siezures, mood and personality changes

what is increased cranial pressure?

when the volume of the cranium is increased due to something like CSF or blood building up on the area

do the blood vessels constrict or dilate when there is ICP?

they constrict (vasoconstriction)

what is cranial herniation?

when part of the brain comes out due to ICP

what is a hematoma?

a collection of blood and tissue from a damaged blood vessel

what do hematomas develop from?

TBI

what is an epidural hematoma?

tearing of the dura and the skull

is an epidural hematoma coming from an artery or vein?

artery

what is the pattern of epidural hematoma?

loss of consciousness, alterness, and then loss of consciousness again

what is a subdural hematoma?

a tear with the dura and the arachnoid space

is a subdural hematoma caused by a tear from artery or vein

vein

what is intracerebral hematoma?

bleeding from the brain tissue itself

what is subarachnoid hematoma?

bleeding from the subarachnoid tissue

what is a spinal cord injury?

an injury to the spinal cord or its surrounding accessories

what are some causes of spinal cord injuries?

accidents, falls, violence

what are manifestations of spinal cord injuries?

loss of neurological function, paralysis

what are some complications of spinal cord injuries?

loss of functions, icnontinence, respiratory failure