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anaphy lec > NERVOUS SYTEM > Flashcards

NERVOUS SYTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Perception and processing of SENSORY STIMULI (somatic/autonomic)
Execution of VOLUNATRY MOTOR RESPONSES (somatic)
Regulation of homeostatic mechanisms (autonomic)

A

BRAIN
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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2
Q

FIBERS of sensory and motor neurons (somatic/autonomic)

A

NERVES
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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3
Q

located in the DIGESTIVE TRACT, responsible for autonomous functions and can operate INDEPENDENTLY

A

DIGESTIVE TRACT
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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4
Q

Initiation of REFLEXES from ventral horn (somatic) and lateral horn (autonomic) gray matter
Pathways for sensory and motor functions between periphery and brain (somatic/autonomic)

A

SPINAL CORD
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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5
Q

Reception of sensory stimuli by dorsal root and cranial ganglia (somatic/autonomic)
Relay of visceral motor responses by autonomic ganglia (autonomic)

A

GANGLIA
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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6
Q

excitable; receive, process, transmit information

A

NEURONS

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7
Q

innate immunity

A

MICROGLIA

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8
Q

maintain BBB integrity, participate in synapses

A

ASTROCYTES

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9
Q

build barriers between compartments

A

EPENDYMAL

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10
Q

produce myelin sheats

A

OLIGODENDROCYTES

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11
Q

support other cells’ bodies

A

SATELLITE

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12
Q

produce myelin sheaths around axons

A

SCHWANN

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13
Q

BBB

A

blood-brain barrier

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14
Q

3 BASIC SECTIONS OF THE BRAIN

A

Forebrain
Hindbrain
Midbrain

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15
Q

The BIGGEST part of the brain.

A

FOREBRAIN

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16
Q

BRAIN SECTION:
thalamus

A

FOREBRAIN

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17
Q

BRAIN SECTION:
hypothalamus

A

FOREBRAIN

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18
Q

BRAIN SECTION:
limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala, and septum)

A

FOREBRAIN

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19
Q

BRAIN SECTION:
cerebrum

A

FOREBRAIN

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20
Q

the MOST PRIMITIVE AND BASIC of the brain regions, it deals with basic BODILY COORDINATION and fine MOTOR SKILLS.

A

HINDBRAIN

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21
Q

BRAIN SECTION:
medulla

A

HINDBRAIN

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22
Q

BRAIN SECTION:
cerebellum

A

HINDBRAIN

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23
Q

BRAIN SECTION:
pons

A

HINDBRAIN

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24
Q

how many layers of the CRANIAL MENINGES

A

3

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25
Q

3 LAYERS OF THE CRANIAL MENINGES

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

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26
Q

is bound to the surface of the brain by astrocytes

A

PIA MATER

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27
Q

CSF

A

CEREBRO SPINAL FLUID

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28
Q

a compound structure following the brain’s labyrinth of vasculature. It’s composed of 4 cell types

A

BBB blood-brain barrier

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29
Q

BBB is composed of how many cell types

A

4

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30
Q

These cells LINE THE INSIDE OF BLOOD VESSELS. At the BBB, they are closely associated with one another via TIGHT JUNCTIONS to form a barrier. These cellular junctions are crucial to the microvessels in our brains because they maintain the integrity and permeability of the vessel, thereby regulating passage through the BBB.

A

EDOTHELIAL CELLS

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31
Q

EMBEDDED INTO THE BASEMENT MEMBRANE OF MICROVESSELS, these associate closely with endothelial cells at the BBB. These are thought to be DERIVED FROM A COMMON PRECURSOR to smooth muscle cells, and while they lend STRUCTURAL SUPPORT to microvessels, they also signal with endothelial cells to influence
permeability and growth. In the brain, these may also perform immune cell-like functions such as SENSING, ENGULFING, AND DESTROYING potentially harmful blood-derived microorganisms

A

PERICYTES

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32
Q

named for their STAR-LIKE shape, are SUPPORT CELLS that contribute to STRUCTURAL PROPRERTIES of the BBB. These are known to RECRUIT peripheral cells, such as white blood cells, into the CNS through the BBB.

A

ASTROCYTES

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33
Q

As the RESIDENT IMMUNE CELL of the CNS, _____ sit just beyond the BBB. Although they are NOT TYPICALLY CONSIDERED PART of the BBB, microglia survey the CNS for microbes and have the capabilities to engulf and destroy those they encounter. Therefore, _______ are another line of IMMUNOLOGICAL DEFENSE against potential pathogens or toxins crossing the BBB.

A

MICROGLIA

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34
Q

FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN:
control of VOLUNTARY MUSCLES

A

MOTOR AREA

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35
Q

FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN:
skin sensations (temperature, pressure, pain)

A

SENSORY AREA

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36
Q

FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN:
movement
problem solving
concentrating, thinking
behaviour, personality, mood

A

FRONTAL LOBE

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37
Q

FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN:
speech control

A

BROCA’S AREA

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38
Q
A
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39
Q

FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN:
hearing
language
memory

A

TEMPORAL LOBE

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40
Q

FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN:
consciousness
breathing
heart rate

A

BRAIN STEM

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41
Q

FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN:
sensations
language
perception
body awareness
attention

A

PARIETAL LOBE

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42
Q

FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN:
vision
perception

A

OCCIPITAL LOBE

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43
Q

FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN:
language comprehension

A

WERNICKE’S AREA

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44
Q

FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN:
posture
balance
coordination of movement

A

CEREBELLUM

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45
Q

see opposite

A

CEREBRAL CORTEX

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46
Q

contain CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

A

VENTRICLES

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47
Q

passes SENSORY INFORMATION to the CEREBRAL CORTEX

A

THALAMUS

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48
Q

REGULATES the body’s HORMONE PRODUCTION

A

PITUITARY GLAND

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49
Q

includes the midbrain, medulla & pons, CONTROLLING BREATHING, heart rate, consciousness, blood circulation, basic motor responses, relaying sensory information and regulating the SLEEP-WAKE CYCLE

A

BRAIN STEM

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50
Q

controls the PITUITARY GLAND in order to regulate TEMPERATURE, blood pressure, appetite, wakefulness and sexual arousal

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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51
Q

controls COORDINATION OF MOVEMENT

A

CEREBELLUM

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52
Q

passes information between the LEF & RIGHT HEMISPHERES

A

CORPUS CALLOSUM

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53
Q

FUNCTIONAL AREA:
executive functions
thinking
planning
organizing
problem solving
emotions
behavioral control
personality

A

FRONTAL LOBE

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54
Q

FUNCTIONALA AREA:
movement

A

MOTOR CORTEX

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55
Q

FUNCTIONALA AREA:
sensations

A

SENSATION CORTEX

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56
Q

FUNCTIONALA AREA:
perception
making sense of the world
arithmetic
spelling

A

PARIETAL LOBE

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57
Q

FUNCTIONALA AREA:
vision

A

OCCIPITAL LOBE

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58
Q

FUNCTIONALA AREA:
memory
understanding
language

A

TEMPORAL LOBE

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59
Q

involved in different DAILY ACTIVITIES like eating or drinking, in the control of the BODY’S TEMPERATURE and energy maintenance, and in the process of memorizing and in stress control.

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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60
Q

It also modulates the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM through its connections with the pituitary gland.

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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61
Q

is COMPOSED OF A NETWROK OF NUCLEI in the brainstem that project diffusely to higher structures to promote AROUSAL AND CONSCIOUSNESS.

A

RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM

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62
Q

(a) it regulates levels of consciousness, and alertness,
(b) it regulates respiration, blood pressure, heart rate and other vegetative functions,
(c) it regulates tone of skeletal muscles, and
(d) it modulates the impulses in the pain pathways.

A

RETICULAR SYSTEM

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63
Q

somatic sensory & visceral sensory

A

AFFERENT

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64
Q

somatic & autonomic nervous system

A

EFFERENT

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65
Q

touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception in skin, body wall, and limbs

special: hearing, equilibrium, vision

A

SOMATIC SENSORY

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66
Q

stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes, and irritation in viscera: nausea & hunger

special: taste, smell

A

VISCERAL SENSORY

67
Q

motor innervation of ALL SKELETAL MUSCLES

A

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

68
Q

motor innervation of SMOOTH MUSCLE, CARDIAC MUSCLE, and GLANDS

A

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

69
Q

receptors ELICIT RESPONSE from Ca+ second messenger system an EXCITATORY RESPONSE, present in most sympathetic target tissues

A

ALPHA-1

70
Q

BLOCKS cAMP PRODUCTION an inhibitory response

A

ALPHA-2

71
Q

TWO MAIN TYPES OF SLEEP

A

NON-RAPID EYE MOVMEENT (NREM)
RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (REM)

72
Q

also known as QUIET SLEEP

A

NON-RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (NREM)

73
Q

also known as ACTIVE SLEEP

A

RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (REM)

74
Q

the parts of brain by which DATA OR INFORMATION IS ENCODED, STORED, AND RETRIEVED when needed. It is the RETENTION OF INFORMATION over time for the purpose of influencing future action

A

MEMORY

75
Q

TYPES OF LONG TERM MEMORY

A

DECLARATIVE (explicit)
PROCEDURAL (implicit)

76
Q

types of DECLARATIVE (explicit) long term memory

A

SEMANTIC
EPISODIC

77
Q

types of DECLARATIVE (explicit) long term memory:

facts
skills
knowledge
concepts
text book learning
not tied to time or place

A

SEMANTIC

78
Q

types of DECLARATIVE (explicit) long term memory:

autobiographical
a record of your experiences and events
time and place related

A

EPISODIC

79
Q

TYPE OF LONG TERM MEORY:
actions
skills
how to do

A

PROCEDURAL (implicit)

80
Q

a TISSUE in the brain and spinal cord that is MADE UP OF CELL BODIES

A

GRAY MATTER / SUBSTANTIA GRISEA

81
Q

a TISSUE in the brain and spinal cord that is COMPOSED OF NERVE FIBERS

A

WHITE MATTER / SUBSTANTIA ALBA

82
Q

contains the CELL BODIES (perikarya) OF NEURONS and the supporting cells (neuroglia) as well as unmyelinated dendrites.

A

GREY MATTER

83
Q

DOES NOT CONTAIN any cell bodies, but MOSTLY CONTAINS MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS

A

WHITE MATTER

84
Q

CENTRAL REGION of the spinal cord

A

GREY MATTER

85
Q

the SURROUNDING REGION of the spinal cord

A

WHITE MATTER

86
Q

also called SENSORY RECEPTION or SENSE PERCEPTION, are the means by which our brain detect and RESPOND TO STIMULI in their internal and external environment.

A

SENSES

87
Q

also known as PERCEPTION is the CONSCIOUS AWARENESS of stimuli received by sensory receptors.

A

SENSATION

88
Q

Two Basic Group of Senses

A

GENERAL SENSES
SPECIAL SENSES

89
Q

Two types of General Senses:

A

SOMATIC
VISCERAL

90
Q

have SIMPLE RECEPTORS, which are distributed throughout the body to detect internal and external environmental conditions.

A

GENERAL SENSES

91
Q

which PROVIDE SENSRY INFORMATION about the BODY AND ENVIRONMENT. It include touch, pressure, temperature, proprioception and pain.

A

SOMATIC SENSES

92
Q

which provide information about VARIOUS INTERNAL ORGANS, consist primarily of pain and pressure.

A

VISCERAL SENSES

93
Q

are those that are MORE SPECIALIZED IN STRUCTURE and are LOCATED IN SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY. These include vision (for which the eyes are the specialized sense organs), hearing (ears), balance (ears), taste (tongue), and smell (nasal passages).

A

SPECIAL SENSES

94
Q

are SPECIALIZED NERVE CELL that responds to a stimulus in the internal or external environment by GENERATING A NERVE IMPULSE, then travels along the sensory (afferent) nerve to the central nervous system for processing and forming a response.

A

SENSORY RECEPTORS

95
Q

respond to MECHANICAL FORCES, such as pressure, roughness, vibration, and stretching. MOST ARE LOCATED IN THE SKIN needed for the sense of touch. They are also found in the inner ear, needed for the senses of hearing & balance.

A

MECHANORECEPTORS

96
Q

respond to CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE at the site of receptors found mostly in the skin.

A

THERMORECEPTORS

97
Q

detect and respond to LIGHT mostly are found in the eyes and are needed for the SENSE OF VISION.

A

PHOTORECEPTORS

98
Q

respond to CERTAIN CHEMICALS, found mainly in TASTE BUDS on the tongue — for the sense of taste — and in nasal passages, needed for the sense of smell.

A

CHEMORECEPTORS

99
Q

respond to CHEMICAL, THERMAL, OR MECHANICAL STIMULI. They are found in INTERNAL ORGANS, as well as on the SURFACE OF THE BODY.

A

NOCICEPTORS / PAIN RECEPTORS

100
Q

an UNPLEASANT SENSATION that can range from mild, localized discomfort to agony.

A

PAIN

101
Q

is a pain that feels like it’s coming from a body part that’s NO LONGER THERE.

Ex: are those who have appendages amputated or a tooth removed

A

PHANTOM PAIN

102
Q

is SHORT-TERM PAIN that comes on suddenly and has a specific cause, usually tissue injury. Generally, it lasts for FEWER THAN 6 MONTHS and goes away once the underlying cause is treated.

Ex. broken bones, dental work, labor and childbirth, cuts

A

ACUTE PAIN

103
Q

lasts for MORE THAN 6 MONTHS, even after the original injury has healed.

Ex: frequent headaches, nerve damage pain, low back pain

A

CHRONIC PAIN

104
Q

a condition wherein tissue damage within an area of injury such as the skin can cause an INCREASE IN THE SENSITIVITY OF ENRVE ENDINGS in the area of damage.

A

PERIPHERAL SENSITIZATION

105
Q

a condition wherein the CNS may also respond to tissue damage by DECREASING ITS THRESHOLD and INCREASING ITS SENSITIVITY TO PAIN

A

CENTRAL SENSITIZATION

106
Q

Peripheral sensitization
Central sensitization

A

SENSITIZATION IN CHRONIC PAIN

107
Q

is a PAINFUL SENSATION IN A REGION OF THE BODY that is NOT THE SOURCE OF THE PAIN STIMULUS.

An example is the pain from the pancreas, which is felt in the back. Pain in internal organs is often referred to sites distant from them.

A

REFERRED PAIN MANAGEMENT

108
Q

results from INJURIES OR DAMAGE TO INTERNAL ORGANS often HARD TO PINPOINT THE EXACT LOCATION. One can feel it in the trunk area of the body, which includes chest, abdomen, and pelvis. It’s often described as pressure, aching, squeezing, cramping

A

VISCERAL PAIN

109
Q

results from STIMULATION OF THE PAIN RECEPTORS IN BODY TISSUES, rather than internal organs, often easier to pinpoint the location This includes skin, muscles, joints, connective tissues, and bones.

Ex: bone fractures, strained muscles

A

SOMATIC PAIN

110
Q

your body’s MOST HIGHLY DEVELOPED sensory organs.

A

EYES

111
Q

a far larger part of the brain is dedicated to _____

A

VISION

112
Q

how many % of what we perceive comes through our sense of sight

A

80%

113
Q

a TOUGH, WHITE-COLORED PROTECTIVE LAYER that surrounds the eye and helps MAINTAIN ITS SHAPE

A

SCLEROTIC LAYER

114
Q

a CELAR, THIN LAYER covering the front of the eye. an infection of the eye called CONJUNCTIVITIS can occur here

A

CONJUNCTIVA

115
Q

an infection of the eye that can occur in the conjunctiva

A

CONJUNVTIVITIS

116
Q

a clear “WINDOW” in the sclerotic layer and under the conjunctiva that ALLOWS LIGHT TO ENTER THE EYE

A

CORNEA

117
Q

HOLE IN THE CENTER OF THE IRIS. in the dark, this opens up to let more light in. it is then said to be dilated. when very bright, this shuts down to a small hole

A

PUPIL

118
Q

a WATERY LIQUID that fills the space between the cornea and the lens. helps maintain the shape of the eye

A

AQUEOUS HUMOUR

119
Q

JUST IN FRONT OF THE LENS. changes in size to control the size of the pupil. it also gives eyes their COLOR.

A

IRIS

120
Q

change the shape of the lens to BRING IMAGES INTO FOCUS

A

CILLIARY MUSCLES

121
Q

HOLD THE LENS IN PLACE

A

SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS

122
Q

a clear JELLY-LIKE “window” that HELPS FOCUS AN IMAGE on the BACK SURFACE of the eye

A

LENS

123
Q

JOINS THE EY TO THE BRAIN. passes information about the image to the brain for processing so that the IMAGE IS SEEN THE RIGHT WAY UP

A

OPTIC NERVE

124
Q

where the blood vessels and the optic nerve JOIN THE EYEBALL. there are NO LIGHT-SENSITIVE CELLS to detect image information

A

BLIND SPOT

125
Q

a section of the retina directly BEHIND THE PUPIL that contains a LARGE NUMBER OF COLOR-SENSITIVE CELLS. this is why you should look directly at an object to see it most clearly

A

YELLOW SPOT (FOVEA)

126
Q

a layer containing over 100 MILLION LIGHT-SENSITIVE CELLS which transmit messages to the brain

A

RETINA

127
Q

a BLACK LAYER that FORMS A PART OF THE INSIDE LINING OF THE EYE behind the lens. it prevents light from REFLECTING ALL AROUND THE EYE and nourishes it with blood and oxygen

A

CHOROID

128
Q

a JELLY that helps maintain the shape of the eye

A

VITREOUS HUMOUR

129
Q

refers to the person ABILITY TO DISCERN THE SHAPES AND DETAILS of the things

A

VISUAL ACTIVITY

130
Q

an EYE EXAM that checks how well a person see the details of a letter or symbol from a specific distance

A

VISUAL ACTIVITY TEST

131
Q

function for hearing, or AUDITORY PERCEPTION, is the ABILITY TO PERCEIVE RANGES OF SOUNDS by detecting vibrations and intensities. Aside from that, it is also responsible for MANTAINING BALANCE OR EQUILIBRIUM.

A

EAR

132
Q

Two types of equilibrium

A

static equilibrium
kinetic or dynamic balance

133
Q

which allows a person to FEEL THE EFFECTS OF GRAVITY, provided by two ear ventricles, the utricle and the saccule

A

STATIC EQUILIBRIUM

134
Q

two ear ventricles

A

UTRICLE
SACCULE

135
Q

which allows a person to SENSE SPEED AND DIRECTION of the body’s motion.

A

KINETIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE

136
Q

a group of THREE TINY BONES, known as the ossicles. By the time the sound reaches the stirrup, it has been amplified to about 30 times louder than at the eardrum.

A

HAMMER, ANVIL, & STIRRUP (the ossicles)

137
Q

By the time the sound reaches the stirrup, it has been amplified to about how many times louder than at the eardrum.

A

30 times

138
Q

the VISIBLE part of the ear. helps to COLLECT SOUNDS and funnel them into the auditory canal.

A

PINNA

139
Q

connects the outer ear with the eardrum

A

AUDITORY CANAL (ear canal)

140
Q

made of a THIN SHEET OF MUSCLE AND SKIN that vibrates in response to sounds. this is the START of the middle ear.

A

EARDRUM (tympanic membrane)

141
Q

CONNECTED TO THE THROAT. it helps maintain PRESSURE between the middle and inner ear

A

EUSTACHIAN TUBE

142
Q

coiled, fluid-filled tube. this fluid PASSES VIBRATIONS to a layer of tiny hairs connected to auditory nerves.

A

COCHLEA

143
Q

SEND MESSAGES TO THE BRAIN, which are then interpreted as sounds

A

AUDITORY NERVES

144
Q

contain three sections, each perpendicular to the others. THESE CONTAIN FLUIDS WHICH MOVE WHEN YOU DO. nerves send messages to the brain, which in turn signals muscles to help us keep our balance.

A

SEMI-CIRCULAR CANALS

145
Q

this is what the STIRRUP VIBRATES AGAINST, causing vibrations to pass into the cochlea. this marks the BOUNDARY between the middle and inner ear.

A

OVAL WINDOW

146
Q

used primarily to EVALUATE LOSS OF HEARING IN ONE EAR. It compares perception of sounds transmitted by air conduction to those transmitted by bone conduction through the mastoid, so one one can quickly screen for the presence of conductive hearing loss.

A

RINNE TEST

147
Q

A Rinne test should always be accompanied by a ________ to also detect sensorineural hearing loss and and thus confirm the nature of hearing loss

A

WEBER TEST

148
Q

It is a test used in an exam of NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTION FOR BALANCE, and also as a test for DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE of an intoxicant.

A

ROMBERG TEST

149
Q

the ability to know one’s BODY position in space

A

PROPRIOCEPTION

150
Q

the ability to know one’s HEAD position in space

A

VESTIBULAR FUNCTION

151
Q

which can be used to monitor and adjust for changes in body position

A

VISION

152
Q

Cells of the NERVOUS SYSTEM are known as

A

NEURONS & NEUROGLIA

153
Q

function for conduction of impulses

A

NEURONS

153
Q

cells that provide support functions for the neurons

A

NEUROGLIA

154
Q

The human brain is consist of an estimated how many nerve cells.

A

80-100 billion

155
Q

three main parts of neuron

A

cell body / soma
axon
dendrites

156
Q

these SEND MESSAGES ELECTROCHEMICALLY meaning they communicate both in electrical signals and chemical signals.

A

NEURONS

157
Q

are ACTION POTENTIALS produced by cells which transmit the information from ONE OF A NEURON TO THE OTHER

A

ELECTRICAL SIGNALS

158
Q

are neurotransmitters, which transmit the information from ONE NEURON TO THE NEXT.

A

CHEMICAL SIGNALS

159
Q

the POINT OF COMMUNICATION between two neurons or between a neuron and a target cell, like a muscle or a gland

A

SYNAPSE

160
Q

the FIRING of an action potential in one neuron / sending neuron

A

PRESYNAPTIC

161
Q

the transmission of a signal to ANOTHER NEURON, or receiving

A

POSTSYNAPTIC

162
Q

a PROGRESSIVE NEURODEGENARATIVE DISEASE meaning this is a disease of the brain in which there is GRADUAL BRAIN DAMAGE in a specific part of the brain. This damage gets worse over time. The damage occurs in the part of the brain that produces a chemical called DOPAMINE, which is an important chemical in the brain because it helps with the movement of the body, sleeping pattern, learning, memory and attention.

A

PARKINSON’S DISEASE

163
Q

an important chemical in the brain because it helps with the movement of the body, sleeping pattern, learning, memory and attention

A

DOPAMINE

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