NERVOUS SYTEM Flashcards
1
Q
Perception and processing of SENSORY STIMULI (somatic/autonomic)
Execution of VOLUNATRY MOTOR RESPONSES (somatic)
Regulation of homeostatic mechanisms (autonomic)
A
BRAIN
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
2
Q
FIBERS of sensory and motor neurons (somatic/autonomic)
A
NERVES
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
3
Q
located in the DIGESTIVE TRACT, responsible for autonomous functions and can operate INDEPENDENTLY
A
DIGESTIVE TRACT
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
4
Q
Initiation of REFLEXES from ventral horn (somatic) and lateral horn (autonomic) gray matter
Pathways for sensory and motor functions between periphery and brain (somatic/autonomic)
A
SPINAL CORD
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
5
Q
Reception of sensory stimuli by dorsal root and cranial ganglia (somatic/autonomic)
Relay of visceral motor responses by autonomic ganglia (autonomic)
A
GANGLIA
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
6
Q
excitable; receive, process, transmit information
A
NEURONS
7
Q
innate immunity
A
MICROGLIA
8
Q
maintain BBB integrity, participate in synapses
A
ASTROCYTES
9
Q
build barriers between compartments
A
EPENDYMAL
10
Q
produce myelin sheats
A
OLIGODENDROCYTES
11
Q
support other cells’ bodies
A
SATELLITE
12
Q
produce myelin sheaths around axons
A
SCHWANN
13
Q
BBB
A
blood-brain barrier
14
Q
3 BASIC SECTIONS OF THE BRAIN
A
Forebrain
Hindbrain
Midbrain
15
Q
The BIGGEST part of the brain.
A
FOREBRAIN
16
Q
BRAIN SECTION:
thalamus
A
FOREBRAIN
17
Q
BRAIN SECTION:
hypothalamus
A
FOREBRAIN
18
Q
BRAIN SECTION:
limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala, and septum)
A
FOREBRAIN
19
Q
BRAIN SECTION:
cerebrum
A
FOREBRAIN
20
Q
the MOST PRIMITIVE AND BASIC of the brain regions, it deals with basic BODILY COORDINATION and fine MOTOR SKILLS.
A
HINDBRAIN
21
Q
BRAIN SECTION:
medulla
A
HINDBRAIN
22
Q
BRAIN SECTION:
cerebellum
A
HINDBRAIN
23
Q
BRAIN SECTION:
pons
A
HINDBRAIN
24
Q
how many layers of the CRANIAL MENINGES
A
3
25
3 LAYERS OF THE CRANIAL MENINGES
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
26
is bound to the surface of the brain by astrocytes
PIA MATER
27
CSF
CEREBRO SPINAL FLUID
28
a compound structure following the brain’s labyrinth of vasculature. It’s composed of 4 cell types
BBB blood-brain barrier
29
BBB is composed of how many cell types
4
30
These cells LINE THE INSIDE OF BLOOD VESSELS. At the BBB, they are closely associated with one another via TIGHT JUNCTIONS to form a barrier. These cellular junctions are crucial to the microvessels in our brains because they maintain the integrity and permeability of the vessel, thereby regulating passage through the BBB.
EDOTHELIAL CELLS
31
EMBEDDED INTO THE BASEMENT MEMBRANE OF MICROVESSELS, these associate closely with endothelial cells at the BBB. These are thought to be DERIVED FROM A COMMON PRECURSOR to smooth muscle cells, and while they lend STRUCTURAL SUPPORT to microvessels, they also signal with endothelial cells to influence
permeability and growth. In the brain, these may also perform immune cell-like functions such as SENSING, ENGULFING, AND DESTROYING potentially harmful blood-derived microorganisms
PERICYTES
32
named for their STAR-LIKE shape, are SUPPORT CELLS that contribute to STRUCTURAL PROPRERTIES of the BBB. These are known to RECRUIT peripheral cells, such as white blood cells, into the CNS through the BBB.
ASTROCYTES
33
As the RESIDENT IMMUNE CELL of the CNS, _____ sit just beyond the BBB. Although they are NOT TYPICALLY CONSIDERED PART of the BBB, microglia survey the CNS for microbes and have the capabilities to engulf and destroy those they encounter. Therefore, _______ are another line of IMMUNOLOGICAL DEFENSE against potential pathogens or toxins crossing the BBB.
MICROGLIA
34
FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN:
control of VOLUNTARY MUSCLES
MOTOR AREA
35
FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN:
skin sensations (temperature, pressure, pain)
SENSORY AREA
36
FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN:
movement
problem solving
concentrating, thinking
behaviour, personality, mood
FRONTAL LOBE
37
FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN:
speech control
BROCA'S AREA
38
39
FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN:
hearing
language
memory
TEMPORAL LOBE
40
FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN:
consciousness
breathing
heart rate
BRAIN STEM
41
FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN:
sensations
language
perception
body awareness
attention
PARIETAL LOBE
42
FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN:
vision
perception
OCCIPITAL LOBE
43
FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN:
language comprehension
WERNICKE'S AREA
44
FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN:
posture
balance
coordination of movement
CEREBELLUM
45
see opposite
CEREBRAL CORTEX
46
contain CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
VENTRICLES
47
passes SENSORY INFORMATION to the CEREBRAL CORTEX
THALAMUS
48
REGULATES the body's HORMONE PRODUCTION
PITUITARY GLAND
49
includes the midbrain, medulla & pons, CONTROLLING BREATHING, heart rate, consciousness, blood circulation, basic motor responses, relaying sensory information and regulating the SLEEP-WAKE CYCLE
BRAIN STEM
50
controls the PITUITARY GLAND in order to regulate TEMPERATURE, blood pressure, appetite, wakefulness and sexual arousal
HYPOTHALAMUS
51
controls COORDINATION OF MOVEMENT
CEREBELLUM
52
passes information between the LEF & RIGHT HEMISPHERES
CORPUS CALLOSUM
53
FUNCTIONAL AREA:
executive functions
thinking
planning
organizing
problem solving
emotions
behavioral control
personality
FRONTAL LOBE
54
FUNCTIONALA AREA:
movement
MOTOR CORTEX
55
FUNCTIONALA AREA:
sensations
SENSATION CORTEX
56
FUNCTIONALA AREA:
perception
making sense of the world
arithmetic
spelling
PARIETAL LOBE
57
FUNCTIONALA AREA:
vision
OCCIPITAL LOBE
58
FUNCTIONALA AREA:
memory
understanding
language
TEMPORAL LOBE
59
involved in different DAILY ACTIVITIES like eating or drinking, in the control of the BODY'S TEMPERATURE and energy maintenance, and in the process of memorizing and in stress control.
HYPOTHALAMUS
60
It also modulates the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM through its connections with the pituitary gland.
HYPOTHALAMUS
61
is COMPOSED OF A NETWROK OF NUCLEI in the brainstem that project diffusely to higher structures to promote AROUSAL AND CONSCIOUSNESS.
RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM
62
(a) it regulates levels of consciousness, and alertness,
(b) it regulates respiration, blood pressure, heart rate and other vegetative functions,
(c) it regulates tone of skeletal muscles, and
(d) it modulates the impulses in the pain pathways.
RETICULAR SYSTEM
63
somatic sensory & visceral sensory
AFFERENT
64
somatic & autonomic nervous system
EFFERENT
65
touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception in skin, body wall, and limbs
special: hearing, equilibrium, vision
SOMATIC SENSORY
66
stretch, pain, temperature, chemical changes, and irritation in viscera: nausea & hunger
special: taste, smell
VISCERAL SENSORY
67
motor innervation of ALL SKELETAL MUSCLES
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
68
motor innervation of SMOOTH MUSCLE, CARDIAC MUSCLE, and GLANDS
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
69
receptors ELICIT RESPONSE from Ca+ second messenger system an EXCITATORY RESPONSE, present in most sympathetic target tissues
ALPHA-1
70
BLOCKS cAMP PRODUCTION an inhibitory response
ALPHA-2
71
TWO MAIN TYPES OF SLEEP
NON-RAPID EYE MOVMEENT (NREM)
RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (REM)
72
also known as QUIET SLEEP
NON-RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (NREM)
73
also known as ACTIVE SLEEP
RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (REM)
74
the parts of brain by which DATA OR INFORMATION IS ENCODED, STORED, AND RETRIEVED when needed. It is the RETENTION OF INFORMATION over time for the purpose of influencing future action
MEMORY
75
TYPES OF LONG TERM MEMORY
DECLARATIVE (explicit)
PROCEDURAL (implicit)
76
types of DECLARATIVE (explicit) long term memory
SEMANTIC
EPISODIC
77
types of DECLARATIVE (explicit) long term memory:
facts
skills
knowledge
concepts
text book learning
not tied to time or place
SEMANTIC
78
types of DECLARATIVE (explicit) long term memory:
autobiographical
a record of your experiences and events
time and place related
EPISODIC
79
TYPE OF LONG TERM MEORY:
actions
skills
how to do
PROCEDURAL (implicit)
80
a TISSUE in the brain and spinal cord that is MADE UP OF CELL BODIES
GRAY MATTER / SUBSTANTIA GRISEA
81
a TISSUE in the brain and spinal cord that is COMPOSED OF NERVE FIBERS
WHITE MATTER / SUBSTANTIA ALBA
82
contains the CELL BODIES (perikarya) OF NEURONS and the supporting cells (neuroglia) as well as unmyelinated dendrites.
GREY MATTER
83
DOES NOT CONTAIN any cell bodies, but MOSTLY CONTAINS MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS
WHITE MATTER
84
CENTRAL REGION of the spinal cord
GREY MATTER
85
the SURROUNDING REGION of the spinal cord
WHITE MATTER
86
also called SENSORY RECEPTION or SENSE PERCEPTION, are the means by which our brain detect and RESPOND TO STIMULI in their internal and external environment.
SENSES
87
also known as PERCEPTION is the CONSCIOUS AWARENESS of stimuli received by sensory receptors.
SENSATION
88
Two Basic Group of Senses
GENERAL SENSES
SPECIAL SENSES
89
Two types of General Senses:
SOMATIC
VISCERAL
90
have SIMPLE RECEPTORS, which are distributed throughout the body to detect internal and external environmental conditions.
GENERAL SENSES
91
which PROVIDE SENSRY INFORMATION about the BODY AND ENVIRONMENT. It include touch, pressure, temperature, proprioception and pain.
SOMATIC SENSES
92
which provide information about VARIOUS INTERNAL ORGANS, consist primarily of pain and pressure.
VISCERAL SENSES
93
are those that are MORE SPECIALIZED IN STRUCTURE and are LOCATED IN SPECIFIC PARTS OF THE BODY. These include vision (for which the eyes are the specialized sense organs), hearing (ears), balance (ears), taste (tongue), and smell (nasal passages).
SPECIAL SENSES
94
are SPECIALIZED NERVE CELL that responds to a stimulus in the internal or external environment by GENERATING A NERVE IMPULSE, then travels along the sensory (afferent) nerve to the central nervous system for processing and forming a response.
SENSORY RECEPTORS
95
respond to MECHANICAL FORCES, such as pressure, roughness, vibration, and stretching. MOST ARE LOCATED IN THE SKIN needed for the sense of touch. They are also found in the inner ear, needed for the senses of hearing & balance.
MECHANORECEPTORS
96
respond to CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE at the site of receptors found mostly in the skin.
THERMORECEPTORS
97
detect and respond to LIGHT mostly are found in the eyes and are needed for the SENSE OF VISION.
PHOTORECEPTORS
98
respond to CERTAIN CHEMICALS, found mainly in TASTE BUDS on the tongue — for the sense of taste — and in nasal passages, needed for the sense of smell.
CHEMORECEPTORS
99
respond to CHEMICAL, THERMAL, OR MECHANICAL STIMULI. They are found in INTERNAL ORGANS, as well as on the SURFACE OF THE BODY.
NOCICEPTORS / PAIN RECEPTORS
100
an UNPLEASANT SENSATION that can range from mild, localized discomfort to agony.
PAIN
101
is a pain that feels like it's coming from a body part that's NO LONGER THERE.
Ex: are those who have appendages amputated or a tooth removed
PHANTOM PAIN
102
is SHORT-TERM PAIN that comes on suddenly and has a specific cause, usually tissue injury. Generally, it lasts for FEWER THAN 6 MONTHS and goes away once the underlying cause is treated.
Ex. broken bones, dental work, labor and childbirth, cuts
ACUTE PAIN
103
lasts for MORE THAN 6 MONTHS, even after the original injury has healed.
Ex: frequent headaches, nerve damage pain, low back pain
CHRONIC PAIN
104
a condition wherein tissue damage within an area of injury such as the skin can cause an INCREASE IN THE SENSITIVITY OF ENRVE ENDINGS in the area of damage.
PERIPHERAL SENSITIZATION
105
a condition wherein the CNS may also respond to tissue damage by DECREASING ITS THRESHOLD and INCREASING ITS SENSITIVITY TO PAIN
CENTRAL SENSITIZATION
106
Peripheral sensitization
Central sensitization
SENSITIZATION IN CHRONIC PAIN
107
is a PAINFUL SENSATION IN A REGION OF THE BODY that is NOT THE SOURCE OF THE PAIN STIMULUS.
An example is the pain from the pancreas, which is felt in the back. Pain in internal organs is often referred to sites distant from them.
REFERRED PAIN MANAGEMENT
108
results from INJURIES OR DAMAGE TO INTERNAL ORGANS often HARD TO PINPOINT THE EXACT LOCATION. One can feel it in the trunk area of the body, which includes chest, abdomen, and pelvis. It’s often described as pressure, aching, squeezing, cramping
VISCERAL PAIN
109
results from STIMULATION OF THE PAIN RECEPTORS IN BODY TISSUES, rather than internal organs, often easier to pinpoint the location This includes skin, muscles, joints, connective tissues, and bones.
Ex: bone fractures, strained muscles
SOMATIC PAIN
110
your body's MOST HIGHLY DEVELOPED sensory organs.
EYES
111
a far larger part of the brain is dedicated to _____
VISION
112
how many % of what we perceive comes through our sense of sight
80%
113
a TOUGH, WHITE-COLORED PROTECTIVE LAYER that surrounds the eye and helps MAINTAIN ITS SHAPE
SCLEROTIC LAYER
114
a CELAR, THIN LAYER covering the front of the eye. an infection of the eye called CONJUNCTIVITIS can occur here
CONJUNCTIVA
115
an infection of the eye that can occur in the conjunctiva
CONJUNVTIVITIS
116
a clear "WINDOW" in the sclerotic layer and under the conjunctiva that ALLOWS LIGHT TO ENTER THE EYE
CORNEA
117
HOLE IN THE CENTER OF THE IRIS. in the dark, this opens up to let more light in. it is then said to be dilated. when very bright, this shuts down to a small hole
PUPIL
118
a WATERY LIQUID that fills the space between the cornea and the lens. helps maintain the shape of the eye
AQUEOUS HUMOUR
119
JUST IN FRONT OF THE LENS. changes in size to control the size of the pupil. it also gives eyes their COLOR.
IRIS
120
change the shape of the lens to BRING IMAGES INTO FOCUS
CILLIARY MUSCLES
121
HOLD THE LENS IN PLACE
SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS
122
a clear JELLY-LIKE "window" that HELPS FOCUS AN IMAGE on the BACK SURFACE of the eye
LENS
123
JOINS THE EY TO THE BRAIN. passes information about the image to the brain for processing so that the IMAGE IS SEEN THE RIGHT WAY UP
OPTIC NERVE
124
where the blood vessels and the optic nerve JOIN THE EYEBALL. there are NO LIGHT-SENSITIVE CELLS to detect image information
BLIND SPOT
125
a section of the retina directly BEHIND THE PUPIL that contains a LARGE NUMBER OF COLOR-SENSITIVE CELLS. this is why you should look directly at an object to see it most clearly
YELLOW SPOT (FOVEA)
126
a layer containing over 100 MILLION LIGHT-SENSITIVE CELLS which transmit messages to the brain
RETINA
127
a BLACK LAYER that FORMS A PART OF THE INSIDE LINING OF THE EYE behind the lens. it prevents light from REFLECTING ALL AROUND THE EYE and nourishes it with blood and oxygen
CHOROID
128
a JELLY that helps maintain the shape of the eye
VITREOUS HUMOUR
129
refers to the person ABILITY TO DISCERN THE SHAPES AND DETAILS of the things
VISUAL ACTIVITY
130
an EYE EXAM that checks how well a person see the details of a letter or symbol from a specific distance
VISUAL ACTIVITY TEST
131
function for hearing, or AUDITORY PERCEPTION, is the ABILITY TO PERCEIVE RANGES OF SOUNDS by detecting vibrations and intensities. Aside from that, it is also responsible for MANTAINING BALANCE OR EQUILIBRIUM.
EAR
132
Two types of equilibrium
static equilibrium
kinetic or dynamic balance
133
which allows a person to FEEL THE EFFECTS OF GRAVITY, provided by two ear ventricles, the utricle and the saccule
STATIC EQUILIBRIUM
134
two ear ventricles
UTRICLE
SACCULE
135
which allows a person to SENSE SPEED AND DIRECTION of the body's motion.
KINETIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE
136
a group of THREE TINY BONES, known as the ossicles. By the time the sound reaches the stirrup, it has been amplified to about 30 times louder than at the eardrum.
HAMMER, ANVIL, & STIRRUP (the ossicles)
137
By the time the sound reaches the stirrup, it has been amplified to about how many times louder than at the eardrum.
30 times
138
the VISIBLE part of the ear. helps to COLLECT SOUNDS and funnel them into the auditory canal.
PINNA
139
connects the outer ear with the eardrum
AUDITORY CANAL (ear canal)
140
made of a THIN SHEET OF MUSCLE AND SKIN that vibrates in response to sounds. this is the START of the middle ear.
EARDRUM (tympanic membrane)
141
CONNECTED TO THE THROAT. it helps maintain PRESSURE between the middle and inner ear
EUSTACHIAN TUBE
142
coiled, fluid-filled tube. this fluid PASSES VIBRATIONS to a layer of tiny hairs connected to auditory nerves.
COCHLEA
143
SEND MESSAGES TO THE BRAIN, which are then interpreted as sounds
AUDITORY NERVES
144
contain three sections, each perpendicular to the others. THESE CONTAIN FLUIDS WHICH MOVE WHEN YOU DO. nerves send messages to the brain, which in turn signals muscles to help us keep our balance.
SEMI-CIRCULAR CANALS
145
this is what the STIRRUP VIBRATES AGAINST, causing vibrations to pass into the cochlea. this marks the BOUNDARY between the middle and inner ear.
OVAL WINDOW
146
used primarily to EVALUATE LOSS OF HEARING IN ONE EAR. It compares perception of sounds transmitted by air conduction to those transmitted by bone conduction through the mastoid, so one one can quickly screen for the presence of conductive hearing loss.
RINNE TEST
147
A Rinne test should always be accompanied by a ________ to also detect sensorineural hearing loss and and thus confirm the nature of hearing loss
WEBER TEST
148
It is a test used in an exam of NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTION FOR BALANCE, and also as a test for DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE of an intoxicant.
ROMBERG TEST
149
the ability to know one's BODY position in space
PROPRIOCEPTION
150
the ability to know one's HEAD position in space
VESTIBULAR FUNCTION
151
which can be used to monitor and adjust for changes in body position
VISION
152
Cells of the NERVOUS SYSTEM are known as
NEURONS & NEUROGLIA
153
function for conduction of impulses
NEURONS
153
cells that provide support functions for the neurons
NEUROGLIA
154
The human brain is consist of an estimated how many nerve cells.
80-100 billion
155
three main parts of neuron
cell body / soma
axon
dendrites
156
these SEND MESSAGES ELECTROCHEMICALLY meaning they communicate both in electrical signals and chemical signals.
NEURONS
157
are ACTION POTENTIALS produced by cells which transmit the information from ONE OF A NEURON TO THE OTHER
ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
158
are neurotransmitters, which transmit the information from ONE NEURON TO THE NEXT.
CHEMICAL SIGNALS
159
the POINT OF COMMUNICATION between two neurons or between a neuron and a target cell, like a muscle or a gland
SYNAPSE
160
the FIRING of an action potential in one neuron / sending neuron
PRESYNAPTIC
161
the transmission of a signal to ANOTHER NEURON, or receiving
POSTSYNAPTIC
162
a PROGRESSIVE NEURODEGENARATIVE DISEASE meaning this is a disease of the brain in which there is GRADUAL BRAIN DAMAGE in a specific part of the brain. This damage gets worse over time. The damage occurs in the part of the brain that produces a chemical called DOPAMINE, which is an important chemical in the brain because it helps with the movement of the body, sleeping pattern, learning, memory and attention.
PARKINSON'S DISEASE
163
an important chemical in the brain because it helps with the movement of the body, sleeping pattern, learning, memory and attention
DOPAMINE
