Nervous System Overview Flashcards
1
Q
The PNS is made up of what?
A
the cranial nerves and spinal nerves
2
Q
PNS has two different divisions, what are they?
A
sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)
3
Q
What kind of sensory information is this:
touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception in skin, body wall, and limbs.
A
general somatic afferent
4
Q
What kind of sensory information is this: hearing, equilibrium, vision
A
Somatic special afferent
5
Q
What kind of sensory information is this: Motor innervation of all skeletal muscles
A
General somatic efferent
6
Q
What kind of sensory information is this: Motor innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands; equivalent to autonomic nervous system (ANS).
A
general visceral efferent
7
Q
Does the parasympathetic or sympathetic go to body wall structures?
A
sympathetic
8
Q
The (blank) consists of the spinal cord and brain
A
CNS
9
Q
the (blank) consists of the nerve fibers and nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS
A
PNS
10
Q
The two types of nerves associated with the PNS are what?
A
spinal and cranial nerves
11
Q
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
A
12
12
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
A
31
13
Q
Are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves all the same in what they carry, or all different?
A
Different
14
Q
Are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves all the same in what they carry or all different?
A
same
15
Q
What are the two types of neurons of the PNS?
A
sensory (afferent) division and motor (efferent) division
16
Q
What are the 2 types of sensory (afferent) neurons?
A
somatic sensory and visceral sensory
17
Q
What are the 2 types of motor (efferent) neurons?
A
somatic motor and visceral motor
18
Q
What are the two types of general visceral motor neurons?
A
parasympathetic and sympathetic
19
Q
(blank) arise from the brain and brainstem
A
cranial nerves
20
Q
What kind of nerves are cranial nerves?
A
motor and sensory
21
Q
What are the 6 types of cranial nerves?
A
somatomotor, visceromotor, branchiomotor, somatosensory, special sensory, viscerosensory
22
Q
spinal nerves are made from the (blank) and (blank) roots of the spinal cord.
A
ventral and dorsal
23
Q
What is a plexus?
A
where a network of bundle of nerves forms
24
Q
Some spinal nerves leave the spinal cord and travel alone. What is an example of this?
A
the intercostal nerves
25
Some spinal nerves merge with adjacent spinal nerves and form a plexus. What is an example of this.
cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral
26
Each segment of the spinal cord gives rise to multiple (blank) and (blank) rootlets which coalesce into what?
dorsal and ventral rootlets
| spinal nerve
27
The segmental nature of the spinal cord and the rootlets gives you an idea that each of the spinal nerves is destined to innervate a (blank)
particular area of the body
28
Where are the cell bodies?
in the dorsal root ganglia
29
The crease of the spinal cord is located on the anterior or posterior portion?
anterior
30
ventral roots come from (blank)
ventral horn cells
31
What do ventral roots carry?
motor fibers (efferent). somatomotor and in some parts visceromotor
32
What do people refer to the dorsal root ganglia as?
1st order neuron
33
Dorsal and ventral roots come together to form a (blank). Is the spinal nerve long or short?
spinal nerve
| short
34
The spinal nerve gives off its component branches into what?
dorsal and ventral rami
35
Dorsal roots enter the dorsal horn and carry (blank).
sensory fibers (afferents)
36
Cell bodies of sensory fibers are in the (blank).
dorsal root ganglion
37
Cell bodies of autonomics (visceromotor) are in the (blank)
lateral horn (intermediate gray)
38
cell bodies of somatomotor fibers are in the (blank)
ventral horn
39
What kind of information can make the motor neurons fire?
higher senses in the brain, reflexes
40
(blank) arise from the brain and brain stem and function in innervation of the eyes, ears, nose, throat, neck and head.
Cranial nerves
41
Which part of the nervous system integrates the information it receives and coordinates the activity of the body
central nervous system
42
What does this:
i. Its main function is to connect the central nervous system to all the extremities and organs of the body.
ii. It serves as a communication relay between the brain and the extremities.
peripheral nervous sytem
43
Branches of the spinal nerve are the (blank)
ventral ramus and dorsal ramus
44
(blank) supplies motor and sensory to skin and muscles of trunk and limbs except for the ones the dorsal ramus supplies
ventral ramus
45
(blank) supplies motor and sensory to skin of the back and the true back muscles.
dorsal ramus
46
True or False:
| Spinal nerves do not supply nerves to body cavities, only body wall structures.
True
47
(blank) nerves and the vagus nerve supplies nerves to the cavities.
splachnic
48
What is another name for the ramus?
intercostal nerve
49
small fibers attached to the spinal nerve are known as (blank)
communicating rami
50
What serves as a conduit for sympathetic autonomic fibers traveling between the spinal cord where they arise and the sympathetic chain where they sometimes synapse.
communicating rami
51
Both branches of the spinal nerve (ventral and dorsal rami) have (blank) on them
sympathetic fibers
52
What are incoming nerve fibers called?
| What are outgoing nerve fibers called?
afferent
| efferent
53
all spinal nerves carry (blank) to their targets in the body wall.
postganglionic sympathetic fibers
54
Where are the cell bodies of post ganglionic fibers of sympathetics?
in a ganglion in the sympathetic chain or in a prevertebral body below the diaphragm
55
(blank) always have to synapse before they reach their targets. This is unlike somatic motor neurons.
autonomic
56
(blank) are defined as the area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve (specifically the cutaneous branch)
dermatomes
57
```
Where do you find these dermatomes:
C2?
T4?
T10?
S1?
S5?
```
```
C2:back of head
T4: nipple line
T10: umbilical line (umbilicus)
S1: lateral side of foot
S5:perianal region
```
58
What is the most important lateral cutaneous branch?
the intercostal brachial branch cuz of its association with breast and medial arm
59
What kinds of fibers (motor or sensory) need to be on the dorsal ramus?
All of them!
60
What type of fibers are on the posterior cutaneous branch?
The posterior cutaneous has general somatic afferent, and general visceral affarent and general visceral efferent. AND NO general somatic motor efferent!!!!
61
The ventral ramus innervates which areas of the body? It also travels between the two deepest layers of muscles, what are they?
Anterior and lateral body
innermost and internal intercostal muscles
62
The ventral ramus laterally gives off a (blank)
The ventral ramus anteriorly gives off (blank)
What does this pattern of innervation hold true for?
What is it responsible for?
lateral cutaneous
anterior cutaneous
the body wall of the thoracic and abdominal cavitiy
segmental pattern of innervation called the dermatomal pattern
63
Does parasympathetic or sympathetic go to the body wall and not the body cavities?
sympathetic
| Parsympathetic goes to body cavities
64
(blank) is defined as the area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve (specifically the cutaneous branch).
dermatome
65
(Blank) is an area of distribution of a spinal nerve in a muscle. Not as useful because they migrate.
myotome
66
In the region of the (blank) cavities there isn’t a lot of mixing of the fibers of the spinal nerves so one spinal nerve for the most part goes to a single dermatome.
In the region of the (blank), however, a single spinal nerve may send some of its fibers into a plexus which undergoes considerable mixing and then messes everything up.
thoracic and abdominal
limbs
67
The plexus ultimately gives off what are called (blank) which as you might imagine can have fibers from many different spinal nerves.
In addition, one (blank) can contribute fibers to many different peripheral nerves.
peripheral nerves
| spinal nerve
68
The importance of a plexus, for the (blank), is that those muscles originally innervated by a spinal nerve, are now getting innervation from many peripheral nerves
myotome
69
The important of a plexus for a (blank) is that a different number of dermatomes may be encompassed by one peripheral nerve
dermatome (ex, radial nerve has fibers from 5 different dermatomes)
70
What are the two division of the autonomic nervous system?
parasympathetic (active in normal conditions)
| sympathetic (active in high stress conditions)
71
What does the ANS require to get to a target?
preganglionic and postganglionic
72
What is the most important job of the ANS?
regulation of blood flow
73
Is the ANS defined as a motor system?
Yes but it does involve some sensory
74
What is the parasympathetic system also know as?
Parasympathetic nerves exit the CNS via (blank) or through the (blank) of S 2-4
Where is the cell body of these located?
Cranio-sacral system
cranial nerves, ventral root
In the intermediate gray of cord.
75
What is the cranial nerve carrying parasympathetics called?
the vagus nerve
76
The second neuron (ganglion) of the parasympathetic division is where and what is its structure?
its in or near the wall of the organ. Has long preganglionic and short post
77
What does this describe:
iii. Only innervates viscera in body cavities, glands in the head, the eye and erectile tio the ssue.
iv. Has nothing to do with blood flow to skeletal muscle or the innervation of the body wall (therefore not present on spinal nerves)
parasympathetic system
78
where does the sympathetic nerve exit the cord?
Where do they synapse?
What is its structure?
```
the ventral root
sympathetic chain (targets above diaphragm) or prevertebral ganglia (targets below diaphragm)
```
Tend to have shorter preganglia and longer post ganglia
79
(blank) contains all the cell bodies of all afferent sensory neurons
dorsal root ganglion
80
(blank) is a collection of ganglia and pre- and post-ganglionic fibers that lie alongside of the vertebral bodies. The chain runs the entire length of the vertebral column despite the fact that the sympathetic nerves only come from T1-L2 levels.
sympathetic chain ganglion
81
(blank) is a group of nerve cell bodies of the parasympathetic branch of the ANS that lie near or within the organs that they innervate
Terminal ganglion of parasympathetic system
82
(blank) is a group of nerve cell bodies that lie between the sympathetic chain and the organ to which they supply.
preaortic/prevertebral ganglia of sympathetic system
83
What does the terminal ganglion of the parasympathetic system and the preaortic/preverterbal ganglia of the sympathetic system have in common?
both are a structure where their preganglionic neurons synapse with their postganglionic counterpart
84
What do not require the brain, they happen at a local level and can be overridden by higher centers of control
- tells a motor neuron what to do via a direct stimulus to a sensory neuron
reflex
85
what kind of control involves the brain and peripheral nerves.
supraspinal
86
what division of the Autonomic nervous system has nothing to do with blood flow to skeletal muscles or the innervation of the the body wall, so do not travel on branches of spinal nerves?
parasympathetic
87
What allows preganglionic to get from the spinal cord into the chain and postganglionic get back from the chain to the spinal cord?
communicating ramis
88
Because the sympathetic chain is connected to every spinal nerve by at least one (blank) it is seen running the entire distance of the vertebral column. Chain ganglia are prominent and frequent in the (blank) regions, but less frequent in the (blank)
communicating ramus
thoracic and lumbar
cervical and sacral areas.
