Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block 1 Week 7 > 1300 Histo Nerve > Flashcards

1300 Histo Nerve Flashcards

1
Q

Nerve tissue is composed of what?

A

neurons and supporting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are neurons?

A

cells that transmit electrochemical messages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Do nerve cells contain a lot of extracellular material?

A

no, very little

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the CNS include?

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the PNS include?

A

nerve fibers and ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are groups of neurons outside the CNS?

A

ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are groups of neurons within the CNS?

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Neurons are argyrophilic because of the high concentration of (blank)

A

neurofilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q 
Where in the neuron are these found?
nissl bodies (rough ER of neurons), mitochondria, microtubules (neurotubules 24nm) intermediate filaments (neurofilaments 10nm), pigmentation and synethesis of neurotransmitters and synaptic vesicles precurser membranes
A

Cytoplasm of Neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where is this found:
- large nucleus: with prominent nucleolus
(owl-eye appearance)

A

Cell body (soma, perikaryon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does this describe:
only one
- carries impulses away from the cell body
- transport

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are these functions of?
1. receive and integrate stimuli from many
sources simultaneously
2. translate stimuli to membrane potential
3. propagate this membrane potential
4. translate this electrical message into
neurotransmitter
5. deliver neurotransmitter to target cells

A

Neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two types of pigmentation in the cytoplasm of the neuron?

A

Lipofuscin: golden brown, probably represents old age (found more in older neurons)

Melanin: a brown black, represents old neurotransmitter? But function not know for sure.

(neurons look granulated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What kind of transport does the axon send signals?

A 
anterograde transport (kinesin)
Retrograde transport (dynein)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q 
AXON IS DEPENDENT UPON PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN CELL BODY BECAUSE 
 OF NO(blank) IN AXON
A

rough er or nissal bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many axons per neuron?

A

one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where in the axon is the origin of neurotubules and neurofilaments?

A

axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where in the axon is the part between axon hillock and beginning of myelin, it has a dense undercoating beneath the plasma membrane, contains neurofilaments & neurotubules and is the site of initiation of action potential

A

initial segment of axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What part of the axon is this?
-branches (collaterals) to other neurons,
to itself
- axoplasm: mitochondria, neurofilaments,
neurotubules

A

axon proper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is their branching in the axon?

A

terminal arborization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is there a bulbous enlargement, mitochodria, secretory glanules, and a presynaptic membrane in the axon?

A

boutons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What increases surface to receive incoming signals which are transmitted toward the soma and lack Golgi?

A

dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Dendrites are present in the thousands in the neuron. These dendrites have dendritic spines for what purpose? and when do they increase?

A

To increase surface area of dendrite

Spines increase in # during infancy and childhood but decrease in adulthood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where do you find the lipofuscin pigmentation in a neuron? Melanin?

A

cell cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Nerve cell receive lots of input (sensory afferent we have a lot of dendrites) but only (blank) output (motor efferent)

A

one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does this describe:

Neurons are unique in that they must form contacts with target cells in order to survive.

A

trophic stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In order to survive, what do neurons have to do?

A

form contacts with target cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are glial cells?

A

supporting cells in the CNS.1:1 ratio with neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the four major types of glial cells?

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the two types of neurosynapses?

A

chemical and electrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the site at which electrical signal is converted to a chemical signal then back to an electrical signal.

A

Chemical Synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q 
What are these properties of:
asymmetrical
unidirectional
exhibit a delay of .5 miliseconds
CNS & PNS
A

Chemical neurosynapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q 
What are these properties of:
Gap junction movement of ions
symmetrical
bidirectional
instantaneous
CNS
A

Electrical Neurosynapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What type of synapse has a neurotransmitter, a synaptic cleft, and not connected presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes?

A

chemical synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What excites a postsynaptic memebrane? what inhibits?

A

Na+=excited

Cl-=inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How are neurons classified?

A

by cell process, size, function, and neutrotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the different types of cell processes of a neuron?

A

multipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, unipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the different functions of a neuron?

A

motor neurons, sensory neurons, interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What do interneurons do?

A
  • connect neurons in a chain or sequence

- mediate action between sensory-motor, motor-motor, sensory to sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the different types of neurotransmitters?

A
  • Cholinergic - acetylcholine / parasympathetic postganglionic
  • Adrenergic - epinephrine / sympathetic postganglionic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does this describe:
DERIVED FROM NEUROEPITHELIUM (GLIOBLAST)
-largest glial cells
-long branched cytoplasmic processes with vascular end feet
-specific intermediate filaments /glial fibrillary acidic protein
-protoplasmic - in gray matter, low [GFAP]
-fibrous - in white mater, high [GFAP]
-neurons lost the ability to divide; these did not
-in response to injury form scar tissue = gliosis

A

astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does this describe:
- DERIVED FROM NEUROEPITHELIUM
- most numerous / several processes
- form myelin/myelination for axons in the CNS
- can provide myelin for several axons
- Schmidt-Lanterman clefts maintain the membrane forming
the myelin

A

oligodendrocytes

43
Q

What does this describe:
DERIVED FROM MONOCYTES
- smallest and least numerous
- phagocytic cells in response to injury

A

microglia

44
Q

What does this describe:

 - DERIVED FROM CILIATED NEUROEPITHELIAL CELLS
 - line ventricles of brain and central canal of the spinal cord
 - more than just a "simple cuboidal epithelium“
 - Has tanyctyes
 - has choroid plexus
A

ependyma

45
Q

What does this describe:
- no basement membrane / long processes go into brain and
terminate near blood vessels and hypothalamic cells

A

tanycytes

46
Q

What does this describe:

          - capillary tufts push up ependyma into the brain ventricles 
          - made up of simple cuboidal cells upon BM  responsible for production and maintenance of CSF
A

Choroid plexus

47
Q

What is this:
Derived from the neural crest and found in the PNS. Can myelinate only one axon and can participate in the regeneration of injured axons.

A

Schwann cell

48
Q

What is derived from the neuroepithelium

a. Found in the CNS
b. Can myelinate many axons
c. In the brain actually inhibit, axonal growth/spinal cord

A

Oligodendrocytes

49
Q

What is this:

a nodule on the dorsal root that contains all cell bodies of neurons in afferent spinal nerves (sensory nerves)

A

a dorsal root ganglia

50
Q

In the spinal cord, how is gray and white matter distributed?
In the cerebrum?

A

In the spinal cord, gray matter is located centrally and white matter surrounds the gray matter. In the cerebrum, this is opposite. The white matter is located centrally and the gray matter surrounds it.

51
Q

What type of synapse does this describe:

            a. gap junction movement of ions		
            b. Symmetrical 
	c. Bidirectional
	d. Instantaneous
	e. CNS
A

electrical synapses

52
Q

(blank) tends to have longer preganglionic nerve fibers and shorter post ganglionic nerve fibers
a. Nerve fibers originate from S2-S4

A

parasympathetic

53
Q

(blank) tends to have longer post sympathetic nerve fibers and shorter preganglionic nerve fibers. Nerve fibers originate from T1-L2

A

Sympathetic

54
Q

the dura mater, arachnoid and pia matter are all (blank)

A

meninges of the brain and spinal cord (thick and strong)

55
Q

What is the deepest layer of the meninges?

A

pia mater (in direct contact with brain and spinal cord)

56
Q

What is impermeable to fluid so allows the containment of the cerebral spinal fluid where it functions in helping to cushion and protect the brain?

A

Pia mater?

57
Q

What is the middle layer of the meninges called?

A

the arachnoid mater

58
Q

What has fibers that extend down through the arachnoid space and make contact with the pia mater. Cerebralspinal fluid circulates in this space between the pia mater and this layer.

A

arachnoid mater

59
Q

What is the most superficial mater of the menignes?

A

dura mater

60
Q

What is located just deep to the bone of the skill and is highly delicated. It surrounds and supports the dural sinuses and carries blood from the brain towards the heart?

A

Dura mater

61
Q

What space has large blood vessels and houses the cerebrospinalfluid?

A

subarachnoid space

62
Q

What is the source of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

the choroid plexus (ependymal cells)

63
Q

What is the function of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

acts as a cushion or buffer for the cortex and in autoregulation of cerebral blood flow

64
Q

What space does the CSF occupy?

A

the subarachnoid space between the pia mater and arachnoid mater. Also the ventricles of brain and spinal cord

65
Q

What is the circulation of the CSF?

A

c. Travels from the lateral ventircles→ interventricular foramina→third ventricle →cerebral aqueduct→fourth ventricle

66
Q

What is the composition of CSF?

A

ultrafiltrate of plasma. slightly acidice, low concentration of protein, glucose, K, Mg, compared to serum

67
Q

What does this describe:
specialized ependymal cells.
They have 2 different features:
a. Basal processes extend through the astrocytic processes layer to end-feet on a blood vessel.
b. Are attached to each other and to ependymal cells by tight junctions.

A

tanycytes

68
Q

When an injury damages the nerve fiber, (blank) undergo mitotic division and bridge the gap between the proximal and distal axonal stumps in PNS. What else do schwann cells do?
What happens next?

A

Schwann cells
They phagocytize myelin and any leftovers get eaten by tissue macrophages.
chromatolysis and degeneration of axon terminals and then one sprout regrows axon
(axon now has reduced diameter and slower velocity)

69
Q

Cells of the perineruriam are joint by tight junctions forming the (blank). Endoneural capillaries are lined by continuous endothelial cells linked by (blank) to contribute to the blood-nerve barrier.

A

blood-nerve barrier

tight junctions

70
Q

A characteristic feature of the perikaryon is an abundance of (blank).

A

free ribosomes

71
Q

What organelle do dendrites lack?

A

golgi apparatus

72
Q

The dendritic spine has what kind of fibers?

The dendritic shaft contains only what?

A

actin filaments

microtubules

73
Q

What are the four types of synapses classified by position?

A

axosomatic
axoaxonic
axodendritic
axospinious

74
Q

most postsynaptic receptors are (blank)

A

chemically-gated ion channels

75
Q

In postsynaptic membrane when enough sites are filled,(blank) channels open, resulting in depolarization of membrane

A

hydrophilic

76
Q

Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles-> vesicular docking proteins (on the vesicles membrane) bind with (blank) on presynaptic membrane-> (blank) results->(voltage-sensitive channel) (blank) is transported into presynaptic cleft which triggers release of neurotransmitter->neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic membrane. Neurotransmitter gets degraded.

A

membrane docking proteins
depolarization
Ca2+

77
Q

What kind of neurons are these?

  • most abundant
  • 2+ dendrites radiating in many directions
  • motor, pyramidal cells, Purkinje cells(classic)
A

multipolar

78
Q

What kind of neurons are these?

       - single dendrite opposite axon
       - sensory neurons
       - found only in retina, olfactory mucosa, inner ear
A

bipolar

79
Q

What kind of neurons are these?

       - begin in embryo as bipolar
        - form T / axon and dendrite fuse
       - spilt axon, no dendrites
       - sensory neurons of DRG &most cranial ganglia
A

Pseudounipolar

80
Q

What kind of neuron are these?
-short single axon / no dendrite
-photoreceptor cells (rods & cones)

A

unipolar

81
Q

what neurotransmitter works on acetylcholine / parasympathetic postganglionic

A

cholinergic

82
Q

what neurotransmitter works on epinephrine / sympathetic postganglionic

A

adrenergic

83
Q

what two things influence conduction velocity by increase speed of conduction at the nodes of ranvier?

A

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

84
Q

(blank)allows the oligodendrocyte (or Schwann cell) to get nutrients through the “jelly wrap” to the axon that it is myelinating

A

Schmidt-Lanterman clefts

85
Q

what creates the myelin sheath and basal lamina of the axon in the PNS?

A

endoneurium and schwann cells

86
Q

In the PNS, (blank) are capable of mitosis with the subsequent production of a basal lamina and therefor are key to peripheral nerve regeneration.

A

Schwann cells

87
Q

In the CNS, when there is an injury, degernation of the axon and myelin offurs and microglial cells remove debris by phagocytosis but the regeneration process is (blank) due to the absence of endoneurium and lack of proliferation oligodendrocytes

A

aborted

88
Q

Can oligodendrocytes proliferate?

A

no

89
Q

is the endonerium present in the CNS?

A

no

90
Q

In trauma, (blank) do proliferate and form scar tissue.

A

astrocytes

91
Q

What does this?
Integrates the performance of diverse organs for the entire organism
Allows the individual to react efficiently and rapidly to changes in the environment.
Makes connection between mind and body (consciousness).

A

the nervous system

92
Q

(1 neuron chain): impulses originating in CNS are transmitted via a single motor neuron to skeletal muscle

A

somatic nervous system

93
Q

( 2 neuron chain): provide motor innervation to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and to glands.

A

Autonomic nervous system

94
Q

In the (blank), impulses originating in CNS are transmitted via a preganglionic neuron to an autonomic ganglion. A second neuron originating in the autonomic ganglion transmits the impulses to smooth muscle (e.g. blood vessels, bladder etc), cardiac muscle or glands via a postganglionic neuron.

A

ANS

95
Q

controls intestinal motility and secretion of water and electrolytes):
Lies within the gut wall and contains as many neurons as spinal cord (~1 billion). Capable of own reflex activity since it contains sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons

A

Enteric nervous system

96
Q

what is the brain matter underneath the pia mater?

A

cerebral cortex

97
Q

What are the 6 layers of the cerebral cortex? (for higher brain function)

A

a. Molecular layer (top most)
b. external granular
c. External Pyramidal cell
d. Inter granular layer
e. Internal pyramidal cell (largest cells!)
f. Polymorphic cell (directly above the white matter)

98
Q

what part of the brain is important in motor functions? What are the 3 layers (arbor vitae)

A

Cerebellum

  1. Molecular layer
  2. Granular layer
  3. Perkinje cells
99
Q

Describe the structure of the spinal cord

A

a. Central canal
b. Gray matter (dorsal horns, ventral horns)
c. White matter
d. pia mater, subarachnoid space, arachnoid matter, dura matter

100
Q

What does the nerve fiber consist of?

A

Epinerium, perineurium, endoneurium, axon, myelin sheath, nodes of ranvier and schwann cells

101
Q

(blank) provides the myelin sheath for each internode.

A

schwann

102
Q

Cells of the perineurium are joined by (blank) forming the blood-nerve barrier. Endoneurial capillaries are lined by continous endothelial cells linked by tight junctions to contribte to the blood-nerve barrier.

A

tight junctions

103
Q

What do axons look like on a slide?

A

like the pupil of an eyeball

104
Q

How can you tell that you are looking at a peripheral nerve cell?

A

it is pink and looks like dense irregular connective tissue but it wavy.

Block 1 Week 7 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions