Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block 1 Week 7 > ANS Harvey Part 1 > Flashcards

ANS Harvey Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is sometimes referred to as the “visceral” nervous system control system involved in homeostasis

functions without conscious control - sometimes referred to as the “automatic” or “involuntary” nervous system a component of the peripheral nervous system

A

ANS (autonomic nervous system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The (blank) plays an important role in regulating virtually every organ system in our bodies.

A

autonomic(or involuntary) nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Furthermore, a large number of important drugs act by modifying the effects of the (blank) .

A

autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The ANS consists of (blank) neuron arranged in sequence followed by an effector cell (i.e. cardiac myocyte, smooth muscle cell, glandular cell)

A

two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two synaptic connections that the ANS makes?

A

includes two synaptic connections:
between first (preganglionic) and second (postganglionic) neurons
between postganglionic neuron and effector cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If you see a cell body in a sympathetic or parasympathetic fiber, is it a preganglionic fiber or a post?

A

it is post

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

No ganglia associated with (blank) . Cell body is found in (blank) and axon projects directly to effector (skeletal muscle fiber)

A

somatic motor neurons

spinal chord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(blank) are structures in which the cell bodies of sensory neurons reside. There are no (blank) connections in these ganglia.

A

Dorsal root ganglia

synaptic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Autonomic ganglia contain cell bodies of postganglionic neurons but also are the sites where (blank) connections are made between preganglionic nerve terminals and postganglionic cell bodies/dendrites.

A

synaptic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Synapses in autonomic ganglia are not necessarily simple (blank) .

A

1:1 relays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ANS consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic components many organs and tissues receive input from (blank) components

A

both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic effects usually (blank) one another

A

oppose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What tissue does not receive input from both systems, only receives it from the sympathetic?
Why?

A

skin, piloerector muscles, sweat glands, most blood vessels

Cuz parasympathetic does not affect blood vessels (except for erections)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

sympathetic innervation of the (blank) is an important exception to the two neuron rule

A

adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with (blank) in the adrenal medula, not postglanglionic neurons

A

chromaffin cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

chromaffin cells release “neurotransmitter” (blank) into blood stream which carries it to effector organs – epinephrine acting more like a hormone
chromoaffin cells- act as postganglion

A

epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where will you find acetylcholine?

A
  • at synapses between ALL pre and postganglionic neurons in all autonomic ganglia
  • Synapses b/w parasympathetic postganglionic neurons and their effectors
  • at the neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscle (somatic nervous system)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do you call neurons that release acetylcholine?

A

cholinergic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the neurotransmitter (typically) b/w the sympathetic postganglionic fiber and the effector organ?

A

norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 2 important exceptions when norepinephrine is not used at the second synapse for sympathetics?

A

1) B/w postganglionic neurons and sweat glands is acetylcholine
2) Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla release epinephrine and norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do you call neurons that release norepinephrine and/or epinephrine?

A

adrenergic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sympathetic postganglionic responses mostly mediated by (blank)

A

norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

(blank) mediate autonomic responses associated with the release of acetylcholine

A

cholinergic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

A

nicotinic receptors and muscarine receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

nicotinic receptors are ligand (blank)

A

gated ion channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

(blank) is the primary receptor at all autonomic ganglia (parasympathetic and sympathetic)

A

nicotinic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the postsynaptic receptor on skeletal muscle at neuromuscular junctions?

A

nicotinic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Ganglion (Nn) and Muscle (Nm) receptors are both nicotinic receptors but are distinct (blank) of nictinic receptors

A

subtypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

At low doses nicotine (blanks) and at high doses it (blank) both ganglionic and muscle nicotinic receptors.

A

stimulates

blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

(blank) blocks both ganglionic and muscle receptors

A

curarae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Muscarinic receptors are a type of (blank) receptor.

Is it a G coupled receptor or a ligand ion gated channel?

A

Cholinergic receptors

G coupled receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do muscarinic receptors do?

A

mediate parasympathetic end organ/tissue responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How many different subtypes of mucarinic receptors are there?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are muscarinic receptors activated by?

Blocked by?

A

mucarine

atropine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where do you typically find nicotinic receptors?

A

Nn-postganglionic neuron, CNS and they open non-selective cation channels (depolarization)
Nm- skeletal muscles end plates and they open non-selective cation channels (depolarization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where do you find M1 (muscarinic) receptors?

A

smooth muscle, exocrine glands,

CNS neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the effects of ligand binding of M1?

A

Formation of IP3 (increase intracellular Ca2+) and DAG (activate PKC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where do you find M2 (muscarinic) receptors?

A

cardiac muscle, CNS neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the effects of ligand binding of M2?

A

Activate K+ channels (hyperpolarization), inhibit adenylyl cyclase (decrease cAMP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the effects of ligand binding of M3?

A

Formation of IP3 (increase intracellular Ca2+), DAG (activate PKC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where do you find M3 (muscarinic) receptors?

A

smooth muscle, vascular endothelium, exocrine glands, CNS neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Where do you find M4 (muscarinic) receptors?

A

CNS neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the effects of ligand binding of M4?

A

Activate K+ channels (hyperpolarization), inhibit adenylyl cyclase (decrease cAMP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where do you find M5 (muscarinic) receptors?

A

vascular endothelium, CNS neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the effects of ligand binding of M5?

A

Formation of IP3 (increase intracellular Ca2+), DAG (activate PKC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Knowing the function of cholinergic receptors helps determine the effect a (blank) will have.

A

drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What mediate autonomic responses due to release of norepinephrine and epinephrine

A

adrenergic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Are adrenergic receptors ion-ligated receptors or G protein coupled receptors?

A

G-protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are 2 major types of Adreneregic receptors?

A

Alpha and beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Where will you find alpha 1 adrenergic receptors and what do they do?

A
  • located in smooth muscle and glandular tissue

- causes smooth muscle contraction

51
Q

Where will you find alpha 2 receptors and what do they do?

A

located primarily on presynaptic nerve terminals

- inhibit the release of norepinephrine from postganglionic sympathetic neurons

52
Q

Does alpha 1 or alpha 2 function in feedback inhibition?

A

alpha 2

53
Q

How many Beta adrenergic receptors are there and hat are there?

A

3

1,2,3

54
Q

Where will you find beta 1 receptors and what do they do?

A
  • located primarily in the heart

- increase heart rate and contractility

55
Q

Where will you find beta 2 receptors and what do they do?

A
  • located primarily in smooth muscle

- cause smooth muscle relaxation

56
Q

Where will you find beta 3 receptors and what do they do?

A
  • located primarily in adipocytes

- cause lipolysis

57
Q

(blank) has a higher affinity for alpha 1 then for b2 which is why we more commonly see smooth muscle contraction rather than relaxation.

A

Norepinephrin

58
Q

What is the typical location of alpha 1 and what are the effects of ligands binding to it?

A 
smooth muscle (blood vessels, eye, gut, bladder)
Formation of IP3  (increase intracellular Ca2+), DAG (activate PKC)
59
Q

What is the typical location of alpha 2 and what are the effects of ligands binding to it?

A

presynaptic nerve terminals, smooth muscle (blood vessels)

inhibition of neuronal Ca2+ channels; inhibition of adenylyl cyclase (decrease cAMP)

60
Q

What is the typical location of Beta 1 and what are the effects of ligands binding to it?

A

cardiac myocytes, juxtaglomerular cells (kidney)

Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, increased cAMP

61
Q

What is the typical location of Beta 2 and what are the effects of ligands binding to it?

A 
smooth muscle (airways, blood vessels), ciliary body epithelium (eye), cardiac muscle
Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and increased cAMP
62
Q

What is the typical location of Beta 3 and what are the effects of ligands binding to it?

A

adipocytes

Stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and increased cAMP

63
Q

Summarize the where you will find specific receptors

A

cholinergic receptors in autonomic ganglia are nicotinic
cholinergic receptors at autonomic end organs are muscarinic
α and β adrenergic receptors have overlapping but distinct distribution patterns in different autonomically regulated end-organs/tissues
pharmacologic selectivity is relative – no drug is a “magic bullet”

64
Q

Where do you see an all or nothing response with neurons?

A

somatic motor neurons and the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

65
Q

What allows for the intergration of neural input and modulation of end organ responses?

A

divergence and convergence

66
Q

Where is divergence more common?

A

sympathetic where it has a wide range response

67
Q

Where is convergence more common?

A

parasympathetic where it gives off a more intense or integrating response

68
Q

The (blank) is a region of muscular membrane that contains high concentration of ACh receptors.

A

motor end plate

69
Q

What does this describe:
transmitter is released at the presynaptic nerve terminal
postsynaptic receptors are found only at the end plate
End plate contains Nicotinic and Ach receptors
innervation is 1:1
responses are rapid and all-or-none

A

A somatic motor neuron synapsing at a neuromuscular junction

70
Q

Where is the only place that release Ach Nicotinic receptors in a muscle fiber AND is the place that the neuron synapses?

A

end plate

71
Q

Do autonomic synapses release all at one time like somatic motor neurons do at end plates?

A

no they release from varicosities (little swelling throughout the axon) and distribute the neurotransmitter throughout the entire cell

72
Q

Do autonomic synapses have a fast or slow respons?

A

slow

73
Q

How can a postsynaptic response vary?

A

time response and whether they are inhibitory or excitatory

74
Q

What type of receptor causes depolarization and is always excitatory?

A

nicotinic

75
Q

Are muscurain receptors excitatory and are they fast?

A

sometimes, and they are slowish

76
Q

Many end organs receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. In those situations, the regulatory effects are usually (blank).

A

antagonistic

77
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation can produce antagonistic responses by eliciting the opposite effect on a (blank) (e.g., the heart) or by eliciting the same type of response on (blank) (e.g., the eye).

A

common cell type

different cell types

78
Q

Sympathetic stimulation is associated with a (blank)

A

“fight or flight” response

79
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation is associated with a (blank) response.

A

“rest or digest”

80
Q

EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULES

some tissues only receive sympathetic innervation.. What are some examples?

A

(e.g., most blood vessels, sweat glands, hair follicles)

81
Q

EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULES
some tissues receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation, but the responses they produce are complimentary. What is an example?

A

(e.g., salivary glands)

82
Q 
Sympathetic Fight or Flight response makes what happen to these things?
Eye:  			
Heart:  	  	
Blood vessels:	
GI:  		 
Bladder:  	  	
Skeletal Muscle:
A

Pupil open; distant focus
Increased rate & force of contraction
Constriction
Decreased motility, sphincters constricted
Bladder wall relaxed, internal sphincter contracted
Stimulate glycogenolysis

83
Q 
Parasympathetic "rest and digest" response makes what happen to these things?
Eye:
Heart:
GI:
Bladder:
A

Small diameter pupil; near focus
slower heart rate-decreased cardiac output
enhance motility, sphincters relaxed-facilitates digestion
bladder wall contracted, internal sphincter relaxed

84
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

upper border of the right atrium

85
Q

The SA node response is mediated by what neurotransmitters?

A

Norepinephrine and acetocholine

86
Q

SA NODE

Sympathetic activation of Beta1 adrenergic receptors has a (blank) effect.

A

positive chronotropic effect (increases heart rate)

87
Q

SA NODE

Parasympathetic activation of M2 muscarinic receptors has a (blank) effect.

A

negative chronotropic effect (decreases heart rate)

88
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

close to the tricupsid valve (b/n right atrium and right ventricle)

89
Q

AV NODE

Sympathetic activation of β1 adrenergic receptors has a (blank) effect

A

positive dromotropic effect (increases conduction velocity)

90
Q

AV NODE

Parasympathetic activation of M2 muscarinic receptors has a (blank) effect

A

negative dromotropic effect (decreases conduction velocity)

91
Q

Ventricular Muscle

Sympathetic activation of β1 adrenergic receptors has a (blank) effect

A

positive inotropic effect (increases contractility)

92
Q

Ventricular Muscle
Parasympathetic activation of M2 muscarinic receptors (blank) responses. In the absence of sympathetic tone, parasympathetic activation has little or no effect on the ventricles.

A

antagonizes sympathetic

93
Q

(blank) response has to be stimulated in order for parasympathetic to have an effect on ventricular muscle.
Can parasympathetic activation of M2 muscarinic receptors still have an affect on cardiac output?
Why?

A

Sympathetic
yes
due to the affect on velocity of blood flow not heart contractility

94
Q

How are blood vessels affected by the ANS?

A

Sympathetic activation

α1 adrenergic receptors cause vascular smooth muscle contraction and constriction of blood vessels.

β2 adrenergic receptors cause relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and dilation of blood vessels.

95
Q

(blank) activation has little or no effect on most blood vessels. Exceptions include blood vessels of the face, tongue, genitals and urinary tract, where parasympathetic stimulation causes relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle and vasodilation.

A

Parasympathetic

96
Q

How is the adrenal medulla affected by the ANS?

A

Sympathetic stimulation by preganglionic neurons that synapse directly with chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla causes the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the circulation.

Parasympathetic stimulation has no effect on the adrenal medulla.

97
Q

How is the lung affected by the ANS?

A

Sympathetic activation of β2 adrenergic receptors causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and dilation of the airways.

Parasympathetic activation of muscarinic receptors causes
contraction of bronchial smooth muscle and constriction of the airways
stimulation of secretion of bronchial glands

98
Q

How is the eye affected by the Alpha 1 adrenergic receptor and muscarinic receptors?

A

Sympathetic activation of α1 adrenergic receptors contracts iris radial muscles, dilating the pupil (mydriasis).

Parasympathetic activation of muscarinic receptors contracts iris circular muscles, constricting the pupil (miosis).

(Systems act on different muscles (still opposing affects though)

99
Q

How is the eye affected by beta 2 adrenergic receptors?

A

Sympathetic activation of β2 adrenergic receptors
–relaxes ciliary muscles allowing the lens to focus on far objects.

–stimulates ciliary epithelium secretion of aqueous humor

100
Q

What disease do you want to block the b2 receptors (stop secretion of aqueous humor), or activate parasympathetic receptors

A

Glaucoma

101
Q

How is the eye affected by the parasympathetic activation of muscarinic receptors?

A

contracts ciliary muscles
causing the lens to focus on near objects.
increasing outflow of aqueous humor through trabecular meshwork into canal of Schlemm

102
Q

How are the stomach and intestines affected by the ANS?

A 
Sympathetic activation of
β2 and α2 receptors decreases motility and tone 
α receptors contracts sphincters

Parasympathetic activation of muscarinic receptors
increases gut motility and tone 
relaxes sphincters 
stimulates glandular secretion
103
Q

Autonomic regulation of the gut can involve (blank)

A

enteric neurons

104
Q

How is the Urinary Bladder affected by the ANS?

A

Sympathetic activation (promotes filling)
α adrenergic receptors contract the internal sphincter muscle
β adrenergic receptors relax the detrusor muscle

Parasympathetic activation (promotes voiding)
contracts the detrusor muscle
relaxes the internal sphincter

105
Q

How are the Salivary Glands affected by the ANS?

A

Sympathetic activation
α receptors cause a weak increase in potassium and water secretion
β receptors cause a weak increase in amylase secretion

Parasympathetic activation of muscarinic receptors causes a pronounced increase in potassium and water secretion.

(Both systems increase salivary secretions (exception to opposing affects)

106
Q

How is the skin affected by the ANS?

A

Sympathetic activation
α receptors contract pilomotor muscles
muscarinic receptor activation by acetylcholine released from postganglionic sympathetic fibers causes generalized sweating

The parasympathetic nervous system has little or no direct effect on responses in the skin.

***Sympathetic cholinergic (exception, usually adrenergic)- in sweating **

107
Q

What is the predominant system of the ANS in the blood vessels. What receptor type?

A

sympathetic, adrenergic

108
Q

What is the predominant system of the ANS in the heart, What receptor type?

A

parasympathetic, cholinergic

109
Q

What is the predominant system of the ANS in the eye (iris),What receptor type?

A

parasympathetic, cholineric

110
Q

What is the predominant system of the ANS in the eye (ciliary muscle), What receptor type?

A

parasympathetic cholinergic

111
Q

What is the predominant system of the ANS in the gut, What receptor type?

A

parasympathetic cholinergic

112
Q

What is the predominant system of the ANS in the urinary bladder , What receptor type?

A

parasympathetic cholinergic

113
Q

What is the predominant system of the ANS in the salivary glands, What receptor type?

A

parasympathetic cholinergic

114
Q

What is the predominant system of the ANS in the sweat glands? What receptor type?

A

sympathetic cholinergic

115
Q

cholinergic receptors in autonomic ganglia are (blank)

A

nicotinic

116
Q

cholinergic receptors at autonomic end organs are (blank)

A

muscarinic

117
Q

(blank) receptors have overlapping but distinct distribution patterns in different autonomically regulated end-organs/tissues

A

α and β adrenergic

118
Q

pharmacologic selectivity is (blank) – no drug is a “magic bullet”

A

relative

119
Q

What is the parasympathetic (predominant) adrengergic effect of ganglionic blockade in the heart?

A

tachycardia

120
Q

What is the parasympathetic (predominant) adrengergic effect of ganglionic blockade in the iris?

A

Dilation of the pupil

121
Q

What is the parasympathetic (predominant) adrengergic effect of ganglionic blockade in the ciliary muscle?

A

Paralysis of accommodation

122
Q

What is the parasympathetic (predominant) adrengergic effect of ganglionic blockade in the GI tract?

A

Reduced tone & motility

123
Q

What is the parasympathetic (predominant) adrengergic effect of ganglionic blockade in the urinary bladder?

A

Urinary retention

124
Q

What is the sympathetic (predominant) adrengergic effect of ganglionic blockade in the sweat glands?

A

Absence of sweating

Block 1 Week 7 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions