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Block 1 Week 7 > ANS Harvey Part 2 > Flashcards

ANS Harvey Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the Autonomic Nervous System relies on the transmission of information from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic cell. This process involves chemical transmission. WHen is this true?

A

ALWAYS!

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2
Q

Explain the 7 steps of chemical synaptic transmission for Norepinephrine

A

1) Action potential arrives at varicosity
2) Depolarization opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channel
3) Ca2+ entry tiggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicle
4) NE binds to adrenergic receptor on target
5) Activity ceases when NE diffuses away from the synpase
6) NE is transported back into the axon
7) NE can be taken back into synaptic vesicles for re-release or NE is metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO)

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3
Q

Ca2+ is lower (blank) the cell than it is (blank) the cell, Ca moving in down its gradient causes fusion of synaptic vesicle to the presynaptic membrane

A

inside, outside

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4
Q

Not all postsynaptic responses are the same, the difference is (blank)

A

speed

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5
Q

Post synaptic responses vary

depending on the (blank)

A

signaling mechanism

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6
Q

Some neurotransmitters receptors are a ligand receptor and a (blank) receptor in one (i.e. it opens calcium channel). Other’s can bind are a ligand binding receptor with a separate (blank).

A

ion channel

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7
Q

If a neutrotransmitter receptor ion channel is separate from the ligand binding receptor it does not always activate ion channels, and it can modify downstream effectors
T or F?

A

True

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8
Q

What is chemical transmission?
What is evidence of this?
Why is this important?

A

the ability to utilize the chemical environment to elicit a response in an organ.
The ability to stimulate a response in the heart by stimulating a different heart and taking the chemical environment of that heart and placing it in the other.
(you will get a delayed response in the chemically stimulated heart)
Basis for all pharmacology!

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9
Q

Most synaptic responses are (blank).

A

chemical

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10
Q

What does atropine block, what can it be used for?

A

blocks synapse to muscarine receptors resulting in pupil dialation

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11
Q

What does curare block?

A

ACh from binding to Nicotine muscular receptors resulting in inability to move.

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12
Q

What is the criteria for neurotransmitter identification?

A

presence, release, identity of action, removal

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13
Q

For the criteria for neurotransmitter identification, what must be present?

A

the substance must be present in the presynaptic nerve terminal

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14
Q

For the criteria for neurotransmitter identification, what must be released?

A

the substance must be released in response to presynaptic depolarization, and the release must be Ca2+-dependent.

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15
Q

For the criteria for neurotransmitter identification, what must be the identity of action?

A

direct application of the substance to the postsynaptic cell must produce the same response as stimulation of the presynaptic neuron. Likewise, compounds that block the response produced by stimulation of the presynaptic neuron must also block the response produced by direct application of the putative neurotransmitter.

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16
Q

For the criteria for neurotransmitter identification, what must be the removal?

A

there must be one or more mechanisms for elimination of the substance from the synaptic cleft.

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17
Q

What transmitter is at:

  • neuromuscular junction (somatic motor neuron and skeletal muscle)
  • all autonomic ganglia (both sympathetic and parasympathetic)
  • all parasympathetic postganlionic neuoreffector junctions
  • select sympathetic postganglionic neuroeffector junctions (sweat glands)
  • between sympathetic preganglionic neurons and adrenal chromaffin cells
  • certain central nervous system synapses
A

acetylcholine (ACh)

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18
Q

What transmitter is at:

  • neurotransmitter at postganglionic sympathetic neuroeffector junctions
  • neurotransmitter at certain central nervous system synapses
A

Norepinephrine (NEpi) is the neurotransmitter at:

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19
Q

chemical transmission involving NEpi also referred to as (blank)

A

noradrenergic

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20
Q

What transmitter is at:

  • as a hormone from adrenal chromaffin cells
  • as neurotransmitter at certain central nervous system synapses
A

Epinephrine (Epi)

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21
Q

What transmitter is at:

  • at postganglionic sympathetic neuroeffector junctions in the kidney
  • at certain central nervous system synapses
A

Dopamine (DA)

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22
Q

Chemical transmission involving DA also referred to as (blank).

A

dopaminergic

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23
Q

(blank) is important in regulating blood vessels in the kidney?

A

dopamine

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24
Q

Besides adrenergic, and cholinergic, are there other chemical transmissions that are used? What is an important example?

A

yes

ATP

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25
Q 
What are these:
Putative NANC transmitters:
adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP)
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
neuropeptide Y (NPY)
leutinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH)
5-hydroxy tryptamine (5-HT or serotonin)
nitric oxide (NO)
gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)
substance P
dopamine
A

Nonadrenergic noncholingergic transmission

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26
Q

Most neurons actually release (blank) substances.

A

multiple

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27
Q

Don’t aways get release of a single neurotransmitter from any given vessicle, you tend to have many different transmitters in any given vesicle that are released together. These are referred to as (blank) .

A

cotransmitters

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28
Q

What are the key steps in the life cycle of a neurotransmitter?

A 
synthesis
storage
release
receptor interaction
disposition
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29
Q

acetylcholine is made from (blank) and acetyl coa

A

choline

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30
Q

In the synaptic cleft, ACh is rapidly broken down by the enyzme (blank)

A

(acetylcholinesterase)

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31
Q

In the synaptic cleft, ACh is rapidly broken down by the enyzme acetylcholinesterase, (blank) is then transported back into the axon terminal and is used to make more ACh/

A

choline

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32
Q

ACh is transported into vesicles by the (blank)

A

vesicle-associated transporter (VAT)

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33
Q

ACh is released when Ca2+ influx into nerve terminal facilitates vesicular fusion by docking proteins: ???

A

synaptosome associated proteins (SNAPs)

vesicle-associated proteins (VAMPs)

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34
Q

Once released into the synaptic cleft, ACh can either bind to (blank) receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, or be broken down by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) into choline and acetate

A

nicotinic or muscarinic

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35
Q

AChE (acetylcholinesterase) is located on the (blank) membrane

A

postsynaptic

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36
Q

Choline can then be recycled by transport back into the presynaptic nerve terminal by the (blank)

A

Na+-dependent choline transporter (CHT)

37
Q

(blank) inhibits the Na+-dependent choline transporter (CHT)

Choline can not be transported and recycled

A

hemicolinium

38
Q

(blank) inhibits the vesicle-associated transporter (VAT)

Inhibits the transport of ACh into the vesicle

A

vesamicol

39
Q

(blank) toxin blocks exocytosis by modifying vesicle docking proteins:
synaptasome associated proteins (SNAPs)
vesicle-associated membrane proteins (VAMPs)

A

botulinum

40
Q

SNAPS and VAMPS are under a categorey called what?

A

SNARES

41
Q

SNARE proteins are blocked by what?

VAMPs (vesicle associated membrane proteins)
synaptobrevin

SNAPs (synaptosome associated proteins)
syntaxin
SNAP 25

A

Botox

42
Q

IS synatptobrevin a VAMP or SNAP?

A

VAMP

43
Q

Is syntaxin and SNAP 25 a Vamp or a SNAP?

A

SNAP

44
Q

ACh is an agonist for what?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

45
Q

Nicotine is an agonist for what?

A

nicotinic receptors

46
Q

Behtanacol is an agonist for what?

A

muscarinic receptors

47
Q

trimethaphan is an antagonist for what?

A

neuronal nicotinic receptors (Nn)

48
Q

d-tubocurarine is an antagonist for what?

A

muscle nicotinic receptors

49
Q

atropine is an antagonist for what?

A

muscarinic receptors

50
Q

Are any compounds truly specific?

A

no, most compounds can bind to a variety of things

51
Q

Which do you use more often to describe drugs, selectivity or specificity?

A

selectivity

52
Q

What is the likelihood to bind to one receptor over another?

A

selectivity

53
Q

(blank) inhibits acetycholinesterase which enhances response of acetylcholine transmission

A

neostigmine

54
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in adrenergic synapses?

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

55
Q

Tyrosine is taken up into the presynaptic nerve terminal by a Na-dependent amino acid transporter (A) where it is then converted to (blank) by the rate limiting enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase.

A

DOPA

56
Q

(blank) is taken up into the presynaptic nerve terminal by a Na-dependent amino acid transporter (A) where it is then converted to DOPA by the rate limiting enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase.

A

Tyrosine

57
Q

DOPA is then converted to(blank) by the enzyme DOPA decarboxylase (also called dopamine decarboxylase).

A

dopamine

58
Q

Dopamine is then transported into vesicles by (blank) .

A

vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)

59
Q

The predominant adrenergic neurotransmitter released depends on what (blank) are present in the vesicles.

A

enzymes

60
Q

In the presynaptic nerve terminal of most postganglionic adrenergic neurons in the ANS, dopamine is converted to norepinephrine by (blank)

A

dopamine beta-hydroxylase.

61
Q

In (blank), norepinephrine is converted to epinephrine by phenylethenolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT).

A

chromaffin cells

62
Q

Once released into the synaptic cleft, norepinephrine (NE) can either
bind to pre or postsynaptic adrenergic receptors
be taken up by the presynaptic nerve terminal or other cells (extraneuronal)
OR…..

A

diffuse out of the cleft

63
Q

Neurotransmitter taken up by the presynaptic nerve terminal (primary mechanism) can be
transported back into vesicles by the (blank) or metabolized by (blank)

A

VMAT, or

metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MOA)

64
Q

Neurotransmitter taken up extraneuronally can be metabolized by (blank).

A

MAO and COMT

65
Q

Neurotransmitter not taken up is metabolized primarily by COMT found in the (blank).

A

liver

66
Q

What are the 2 enzymes important in breaking down catecholamines?

A

MAO (monoamine oxidase)

COMT (catechol-O-methyl transferase)

67
Q

(blank) inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase (can be used to treat certain types of hypertension)

A

α-methyltyrosine

68
Q

(blank) inhibits the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) (cant get transported into vesicle)

A

reserpine

69
Q

(blank) inhibits the nerve action potential preventing Ca2+ influx

A

bretylium

70
Q

(blank) is taken up into nerves by the NET. It then gets concentrated in the synaptic vesicles, displacing endogenous sympathetic neurotransmitters. (inhibits norepinephrine release, indirect NE antagonist)

A

guanethadine

71
Q

(blank) inhibits catecholamine release by activating α2 receptors on the presynaptic nerve terminal.

A

clonidine

72
Q

What drug affects adrenergic transmission synthesis?
Storage?
Release?
Disposition?

A

α-methyltyrosine
reserpine
bretylium, guanethadine, and clonidine
entacapone, pargyline, cocaine, amphetamines

73
Q

What drug affects cholinergic transmission synthesis?
Storage?
Release?
Disposition?

A

hemicolinium
vesamicol
botulinum toxin
neostigimine

74
Q

oxymetazoline is an agonist for what?

A

α1 and α2 receptors (“non-selective”)

75
Q

phenylephrine is an agonist for what?

A

α1 receptors (“selective”)

76
Q

clonidine is an agonist for what?

A

α2 receptors

77
Q

phentolamine is an antagonist for what?

A

α1 and α2 receptors

78
Q

prazosin is an antagonist for what?

A

α1 receptors

79
Q

yohimbine is an antagonist for what?

A

α2 receptors

80
Q

isoproterenol is an agonist for what?

A

β1 and β2 receptors

81
Q

dobutamine is an agonist for what?

A

β1 receptors

82
Q

terbutaline is an agonist for what?

A

β2 receptors

83
Q

propranolol an antagonist for what?

A

β1 and β2 receptors

84
Q

Metoprolol isan antagonist for what?

A

β1 receptors

85
Q

inhibits catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT)

A

entacapone

86
Q

inhibits monoamine oxidase (MAO)

A

paragyline, phenelzine

87
Q

inhibit neuronal reuptake by the norepinephrine transporter (NET)

A

cocaine, amphetamines

88
Q

MAO and COMT breakdown (blank)

A

catecholamines

Block 1 Week 7 (10 decks)

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