Autonomic Nervous system Flashcards
1
Q
What is the ANS somtimes referred to as?
A
visceral nervous system
2
Q
Many (but not all) organs and tissues under the influence of the ANS receive input from both components usually with (blank) effects
A
competing
3
Q
The autonomic nervous system functions w/out (blank)
A
conscious control
4
Q
The ANS is considered part of the peripheral nervous system even though its (blank) are in the CNS?
A
preganglionic neurons
5
Q
The sympathetic main function is (blank) while the parasympathetic’s function is (blank)
A
fight or flight
homeostasis
6
Q
(blank) system is the gut tube plexus of neurons capable of controlling the complex functions of the gut. Activity in this system is modulated by the autonomic system)
A
enteric nervous system
7
Q
What all comprises the PNS?
A
sensor neurons, motor neurons, enteric nervous system
8
Q
The somatic motor neurons do what?
A
somatic (skeletal muscle) (motor neurons in ventral horn of spinal cord or equivalent area of brainstem)
9
Q
The autonomic motor neurons do what?
A
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
10
Q
The autonomic nervous system generally consists of (blank) neurons arranged in sequence followed by an (blank) cell (i.e., a cardiac myocyte, smooth muscle cell, glandular cell)
A
two
effector
11
Q
In the autonomic nervous system there are 2 synaptic connections. Where are they?
A
- between first (preganglionic) and second (postganglionic) neurons
- between postganglionic neuron and effector cell
12
Q
Where is the second neuronal cell body in the ANS?
A
in a autonomic ganglion
13
Q
Where will you find sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies?
A
T1-L2
14
Q
Where will you find parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies of the pelvis?
A
S2-S4
15
Q
(blank) are structures in which the cell bodies of sensory neurons reside. There are no synaptic connections in these ganglia.
A
dorsal root ganglia
16
Q
Autonomic ganglia contain cell bodies of (blank) neurons
A
postganglionic
17
Q
(blank) ganglia contain cell bodies of postganglionic neurons but also are the sites where synaptic connections are made between preganglionic nerve terminals and postganglionic cell bodies/dendrites. Synapses are not necessarily 1:1 relays.
A
autonomic
18
Q
What is the principle of divergence?
A
Allows one preganglion to synapse to numerous postganglionic fibers which allows for a wide spread effect
19
Q
Which part of the ANS expressed more divergence?
A
sympathetic
20
Q
What is the principle of convergence?
A
Allows for the strengthening of an effect
21
Q
Which part of the ANS is convergence more often found?
A
parasympathetic
22
Q
What part of the ANS control visceral and head structures? What part controls body wall structures?
A
both
Sympathetics
23
Q
Which part of the ANS controls hair glands, blood vessels, and sweat glands?
A
sympathetic i.e body wall structures
24
Q
What part of the ANS never travels all the way on spinal nerves to their target?
A
parasympathetic
25
Cell bodies of the autonomics (visceromotor) are in the (blank) horn
Lateral horn (intermediate gray)
26
Cell bodies of somatomotor fibers are in the (blank)
ventral horn
27
cell bodies of sensory fibers are in the (blank).
dorsal root ganglion
28
Where is the lateral horn apparent?
in the thoracic and upper lumbar cord due to number of cell bodies
29
Where will you not really be able to see the lateral horn? Why?
sacral cord
| because the spinal cord ends after L2
30
Both parts of the ANS can have local effects, but sympathetics often have more (blank) effects too because of their association to the adrenal medulla and the principal of divergence.
systemic
31
(blank) has a strong association to the adrenal medulla and principle of divergence resulting in system effects of the body
sympathetic
32
What do parasympathetics travel on?
cranial and pelvic splanchnics
33
What is the construction of the parasympathetic neurons?
long preganglionic, short postganglionic
34
In the parasympathetic system, the (blank) supplies the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity including the GI tract where is has a powerful effect on the enteric nervous as far as the left colic flexture.
vagus (CN X)
35
What cranial nerves are important in the parasympathetic system?
3,7,9,10
36
Where is the first neuron of the parasympathetic?
In CNS brainstem or sacral spinal cord S2-4
| remember they come from cranial nerves or sacral nerves ie.pelvic splachnic
37
How do the parasympathetics exit the CNS?
with cranial nerves or on the ventral root of S2-4
38
Where is the second neuron in the parasympathetics?
near the wall of the organ
39
When talking about the GI tract and the parasympathetic system, the second neuron (postganglionic) is part of the (blank)
enteric nervous system
40
(blank) only innervates viscera (soft internal organs) in body cavities, glands in the head, the eye and erectile tissue
Parasympathetic
41
What has nothing to do with blood flow to skeletal muscles or the innervation of body wall structures, so do not travel on branches of spinal nerves?
Parasympathetic
42
Can sensory fibers travel back to the CNS on parasympathetics?
yes
43
What is the mneumonic for the function of the Parasympathetic system
STUDD
| Sex, tears, urine, digestion, defecation
44
Where do sympathetics arise?
T1-L2 (spinal cord) in the lateral horn (intermediate gray)
45
How do sympathetics exit the spinal cord?
ventral root
46
Where do sympathetics synapse?
in the chain (paravertebral) or in prevertebral(preaortic) ganglia
47
What is the structure of a sympathetic
short preganglion, long postganglion
48
How do sympathetics reach their targets?
sympathetic chain or preartic ganglia
49
Sympathetic go to targets above the diaphragm by synapsing in the (blank)
sympathetic chain
50
Sympathetics that go to targets below the diaphragm synpse in (blank)
preaortic ganglia
51
All body wall sympathetics synapse in the (blank) or near the (blank) where they will ultimately distribute to targets
sympathetic chain
| spinal nerve
52
The method that sympathetics use to get from the ventral root to the sympathetic chain is by way of a (blank).
communicating ramus (white)
53
Once sympathetics get into the sympathetic chain, they can go in directions what are they?
- Synapse and travel to a viscera (organ)
- Pass trough the chain without synapsing
- Synapse and return to the spinal nerve on another communicating ramus (gray),
- Ascend or descend in the chain, synapse and leave
- Go up or down sympathetic chain and leave without synapsing.
54
When sympathetics go to the viscera in body cavities what are they called?
splachnics (S2-S4) Thoracic and Lumbar or Sacral splachnics NO PELVIC
55
What are the three ways that sympathetics travel
on spinal nerves, splachnic nerves, and blood vessesl
56
Sympathetics arise from preganglionic neurons in the (blank) from T1-L2
lateral horn
57
Postganglionic neurons are found in the (blank) (paravertebral) and in (blank) ganglia
sympathetic chain
| preoartic/prevertebral
58
Sympathetic chain is synonymous with what?
| preoartic is synonymous with what?
paravertebral
| prevertebral
59
What is the one exception to always having a pre and postganglionic fiber in the sympathetics?
adrenul medulla
60
What is a collection of ganglia and pre and post ganglionic fibers that lie along side of the vertebral bodies?
sympathetic chain
61
Does the sympathetic chain stop at the end of spinal cord?
NO it runs all the way doesnt to the end of the vertebral column
62
Where are white rami located?
| Where are gray rami located?
T1-L2
| Entire length
63
Chain ganglia are prominent and frequent in the (blank) regions, but less frequent in the (blank).
thoracic and lumba
| cervical and sacral areas.
64
Sympathetics to the body wall travel on every (blank)
spinal nerve.
65
When discussing body wall sympathetics, (blank) come from T1-L2, reach the chain on white rami, and synapse in the chain (not necessarily at the same level).
Preganglionics
66
In body wall sympathetics, (blank) leave the chain as gray communicating rami and connect to a spinal nerve and distribute with the ventral and dorsal rami.
Postganglionics
67
How do sympathetics get on spinal nerves above TI and L2?
Because there are no preganglionic fibers coming from above
T1 or below L2, the spinal nerves at these levels must get their
sympathetics from fibers that travel up or down the chain and then
synapse before leaving as a gray communicating ramus.
68
Where do you only find gray rami and not white rami?
above and below T1 and L2
69
(blank) to these levels
come from T1-L2 cord and
ascend or descend in the chain
Preganglionics
70
When sympathetics are trying to get to the head, they synapse in the highest
ganglion (superior cervical)
and travel to structures in
the head on (blank)
blood vessels
71
Most of the sympathetics to thethorx come from (blank).
inferior cervical chain ganglion after synapsing
72
Because the heart and lungs are the two major organs, sympathetics reach them by way of the (blnk)
cardiopulmonary plexus
73
Although most sympathetics to the heart come for the cervical cahin ganglia, some fibers come directly off the (blank) after synapsing.
What are these fibers known as?
thoracic chain ganglia
| thoracic splachnic nerves
74
Any fiber leaving the chain
and coursing anteromedially is always
a (blank)
splanchnic nerve
75
Any fiber leaving the chain and coursing
| posterolaterally is always a (blank)
communicating ramus
76
How do sympathetics get to the abdomen?
leave the chain as preganglionic fibers on splachnic nerves and synpase in prevertebral/preaortic ganglia and travel to the organ as a postganglionic fiber on blood vessels.
77
sympathetic preganglionics that synapsein preverterbal/preaortic ganglia are called (blank) nerves.
splachnic
78
What are three named splanchnic nerves?
greater, lesser and least thoracic splachnics
79
the greater, lesser and least thoracicsplachnics leave the chain as (blank) fibers and pass the diaphgram to enter preaortic ganglia.
preganglionic fibers
80
Some sympathetics to the abdomen come directly off the chian of the lumbar vertebrae and synapse in other (blank)
preaortic ganglia
81
All of the (blank) are named according to the aortic branch in their vicinity;
i.e. Celiac, superior mesenteric, aorticorenal, inferior mesenteric etc.
preaortic ganglia
82
Most of the sympathetics to the pelvis
come from the (blank) and
pass to the pelvis on hypogastric nerves.
abdominal cavity
83
Most of the sympathetics to the pelvis
come from the abdominal cavity and
pass to the pelvis on (blank) nerves.
hypogastric
84
Some fibers reach the pelvis directly
from the sympathetic chain along side the (blank). These would be known as
sacral splanchnics.
sacral vertebrae
85
Sympathetics to the pelvis usually synapse in the (blank) but there are other options for places where they can synapse.
inferior hypogastric plexus
86
Splanchnic nerves
arise from the chain
and travel (blank).
antero-
| medial.
87
Communicating rami
| are connected between the chain and spinal nerve, so they run (blank).
postero-laterally
88
Although the adrenal gland is considered to be an endocrine structure, the adrenal medulla is an important part of the (blank)
sympathetic nervous system
89
Cells in the adrenal medulla (chromaffin cells) can be equated to (blank) sympathetic neurons. These cells release powerful transmitters directly into the blood for a systemic effect.
postganglionic
90
Note the sympathetics to the adrenal gland are unusual in that they are the only sympathetics to structures below the diaphragm that (blank) synapse in a prevertebral/preaortic ganglion
do not
91
Preganglionic fibers to the adrenal are traveling on the greater or lesser thoracic splanchnic nerves and passing right through the ganglion without (blank).
synapsing
92
Nerves of the autonomic nervous system carry both (blank) .
motor and sensory fibers
93
(blank) from viscera are involved in reflexes and pain.
Sensory fibers
94
visceral afferents of the ANS can travel with (blank)
- where they mostly cause reflex activation of autonomics
- may be involved in a general feeling of malaise
parasympathetics
95
visceral afferents of the ANS can travel with (blank)
-where they are involved in reflexes
-where they carry information related to pain
-this pain is generally more localizable than pain carried by
parasympathetics
-the pain is often referred (as in the heart)
sympathetic
96
(blank) means that
pain from an organ is felt
in a different part of the
body.
Referred pain
97
The mechanism for referred pain seems to be that pain fibers from the organ synapse on the same
(blank) as pain fibers from the skin. The pain is perceived in the area that is commonly involved in sensory transmission (the skin)
dorsal horn cell
98
Convergence of viscerosensory and somatic sensory fibers on the same (blank) causes pain to be felt in the skin or muscle.
dorsal horn cell
99
autonomics comprise a system capable of regulating the internal milieu independent of higher control, there are a number of brain and brainstem areas capable of modulating the outflow of the autonomic system which means that the ANS can be overcome by (blank)
supraspinal contral
