Nervous System II Flashcards
One layer of meninges, Outer Venous sinuses Flax Duran sinus Epidural space
Dura matter
Membrans of the CNS
Protects the CNS
has three layers:
Dura mater. Arachnoid Mater. Pia mater
Meninges
One layer of meninges
Middle
Space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Arachnoid mater
One layer of meninges
Inner
Blood vessels
Nourishes CNS
Pia mater
How many ventricles are there?
4
Interconnected cavities within cerebral hemispheres and brain stem. Continuous within the central canal of the spinal cord.
Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Ventricles
Clear fluid, volume is about 140 ml
Circulates in ventricles, centralncanal of spinal cord and the subarachnoid space
Completely surrounds the brain and spinal cord
Nutritive and protective
Helps maintain stable ion concentrations in the CNS
Cerebrospinal fluid
Functions of spinal cord
Center for spinal reflexes
Conduit (pathway) for impulses to and from the brain
Automatic, subconscious responses to stimuli within or outside the body
Reflexes
Simple reflex arc
Sensory and motor
Most common reflex arc
Sensory, association , and motor
Reflex arc example cycle
Receptor»_space;» central nervous system»_space;»> effector (muscle of gland)
Sensitive to a specific type of internal exchange
Receptor
Conducts an impulse from the receptor into the brain or spinal cord
Sensory neutron
Serves as processing center. Contexts am impulse from the sensory neuron to its synapse with a motor neuron
Interneuron
Conducts skim pulse from the brain or spinal cord out to the synapse with an effector
Motor neuron
Responds to stimulation by the motor neuron and produces the reflex or behavioral action
Effector
Functions of the brain
Interprets sensations Determines perception Stores memory Reasoning Making decision coordinates muscular movements Regulates visceral activities Determines personality
Four major parts of the brain
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Frontal lobes Parietal lobes Occipital lobes Temporal lobes Insula
Cerebrum
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Brainstem
2 halves, separated by flax cerebri
Cerebral hemispheres
Connects the cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum
Ridges or convolutions
Gyri
Shallow grooves in surface
Sulci
Deep grooves in the service
Fissures
Separates the cerebral hemispheres
Longitudinal fissures
separates cerebrum from cerebellum
Transverse fissure
5 lobes of cerebrum
Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Insula (island of reil)
- interprets impulses
- initiates voluntary movements
- stores information as memory
- retrieves stored information
- reasoning
- seat of intelligence of personality
Functions of the cerebrum
Thin layer of gray matter that constitutes the outermost portion of cerebrum
Contains 75% of all neurons in the nervous system
Cerebral Cortex
Sensory areas (6)
Cutaneous sensory area Sensory speech area Visual area Auditory area Sensory area for taste Sensory area for smell
Sensory area in the parietal lobe and interprets sensations on skin
Cutaneous sensory area
Sensory area in temporal/ parietal lobe, usually left hemisphere ( in Wernicke’s area) understands and formulating language
Sensory speech area
Sensory area in the occipital lobe, it interprets vision
Visual Sensory area
Sensory area in the Temporal lobe that interpreters hearing
Auditory area
Sensory area near the base of the central sulcus
Sensory area for taste
Sensory area that arises from centers deep within the cerebrum
Sensory area for smell
4 association areas
- Frontal lobe association areas
- Parietal lobe association areas
- Temporal lobe association areas
- occipital lobe association areas
Association area that does: Concentration, Planning and complex problem solving
Frontal lobe association area
Association area that understands speech and chooses words to express thoughts
Parietal lobe association areas
Association area that interprets complex sensory experiences and stores memories of visual senses, music, and complex patterns
Temporal lobe association areas
Association area that analyzes and combines visual images with other sensory experiences
Occipital lobe association areas
Primary motor areas
Frontal loves, Control voluntary muscles
anterior to primary motor cortex, usually in the left hemisphere and controls muscles needed for speech
Broca’s area
Above Broca’s area and controls voluntary movement of eyes and eyelids
Frontal eye field
association areas carry on higher intellectual processes for concentration, planning, complex problem solving and judging on the consequences of behavior. Motor areas control movements of voluntary skeletal muscles
Function of Frontal lobes
Sensory areas provide sensations of temperature, touch, pressure and pain involving the skin. Association areas function in understanding speech and in using words to express thoughts and feelings
Function of Parietal Lobes
Sensory areas are responsible for hearing. Association areas interpret sensory experiences and remember visual scenes, music, and other complex sensory patterns
Function of Temporal lobes
Sensory areas are responsible for vision. Association areas combine visual images with other sensory experiences
Function of occipital lobes
What hemisphere is dominant in most individuals
Left Hemisphere
What does the dominant hemisphere control?
- Speech
- Writing
- Reading
- Verbal Skills
- Analytical Skills
- Computational Skills
Non dominant hemisphere controls what?
- Nonverbal tasks
- Motor tasks
- understanding and interpreting musical and visual paterns
- Provides emotional and intuitive thought process
Short term memory
- Working memory
- Closed neuronal Circuit
- Circuit is stimulated over and over
- When impulse flow ceases, memory does also unless it enters long-term memory via the memory consolidation
Long term memory
- Changes structure or function of neurons
* Enhances synaptic transmission
Also called Basal Ganglia.
Masses of gray matter deep within cerebral hemispheres. Produces dopamine and controls certain muscular activities.
Primarily by inhibiting motor functions
Basal Nuclei
Between Cerebral hemispheres and above the brain stem and surrounds the third ventricle.
Diencephalon
parts of the brain inside the Diencephalon
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Optic Tracts
- Optic Chiasma
- Infundibulum
- Posterior Pituitary
- Mammillary bodies
- Pineal Gland
Gateway for sensory impulses heading to cerebral cortex. It receives all sensory impulses (except smell). Channels impulses to appropriate part of cerebral cortex for interpretation.
Thalamus
Maintains homeostasis by regulating visceral activities. Links nervous and endocrine systems
Hypothalamus
The Limbic System Consists of:
- portions of the frontal lobe
- portions of the temperal lobe
- hypothalamus
- Thalamus
- Basal Nuclei
- Other deep nuclei
The Functions of the limbic system:
- Controls Emotions
- Produces feelings
- Interprets sensory impulses
It is between diencephalon and pons. Contains bundles of fibers that join lower parts of the brain stem and spinal cord with higher part of the brain.
Mid Brain
Gray matter in the center of the mid brain involved in reflexes that maintain posture
Red Nucleus
Rounded bulge on underside of brainstem between medulla oblongata and midbrain.
Pons
Helps regulate rhythm of breathing and relays nerve impulses to and from medulla oblongata and cerebellum
Function of Pons
Enlarged Continuation of spinal cord that conducts ascending and descending impulses between brain and spinal cord
Medulla Oblongata
The Medulla Obongata contains what?
Cardiac, vastomotor, and respiratory control centers. Also controls various nonvital reflex control centers (Coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting)
Complex network of nerve fibers scattered throughout the brain, and Extends into the diencephalon.
Reticular Formation
Reticular Formation connects to what?
Connects to the centers of the hypothalamus, basal nuclei, Cerebellum, and cerebrum
Filters incoming sensory information and arouses cerebral cortex into state of wakefulness
Function of reticular formation
Inferior to occipital lobes and posterior to pons and medulla oblongata. Has two hemispheres
Cerebellum
- Integrates sensory information concerning position of the body parts
- Coordinates Skeletal muscle activity
- Maintains Posture
Function of Cerebellum
Controls higher brain functions, including interpreting sensory impulses, initiation muscular movements, storing memory, reasoning, intellegence
Function of Cerebrum
Relay stations for motor impulses origination in the cerebral cortex and passing into the brainstem and spinal cord: Facilitate and help coordinate voluntary movement
Function of the Basal Nuclei
Contains reflex centers that move the eyes and head and maintains posture
Function of the Midbrain
Somatic fibers connecting to the skin and skeletal muscles. Autonomic fibers connecting to viscera
Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves (PNS)
Efferent fibers that carry motor impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
General somatic efferent fibers
Efferent fibers that carry motor impulses away form CNS to smooth muscles and glands
General visceral efferent fibers
Afferent fibers that carry sensory impulses to CNS from skin and skeletal muscles
General somatic afferent fibers
Afferent fibers that carry sensory impulses to CNS from blood vessels and internal organs
General visceral afferent fibers
efferent fibers that carry motor impulses from brain to muscles used in chewing, swallowing, speaking, and forming facial expressions
Special somatic efferent fibers
Afferent fibers that carry sensory impulses to brain from olfactory and taste receptors
Special visceral afferent fibers
Afferent fibers that carry sensory impulses to brain from receptors of sight, hearing and equilibrium
Special somatic afferent fibers
Functions without conscious effort, controls visceral activities and regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Fibers in the ANS
- Pre-ganglionic Fibers
* Post-ganglionic fibers
