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Anatomy > nervous system histology > Flashcards

nervous system histology Flashcards

1
Q

three functions of nervous system

A

gathers information or sensory input. to detect internal or external stimuli

  1. integration: it processes and interprets sensory input and decides what action should be taken (association neurons or interneurons)
  2. motor output activating effector organs
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2
Q

how many spinal nerves and how many cranial nerves

A

31, 12

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3
Q

a nerve is a collection of ____ i.e. process of a neuron that can generate ____

A

axons, action potentials

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4
Q

neurons are ___ cells that can produce electrical signals

A

excitable

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5
Q

action potential

A

rapid changes in electrical potential of cells created across plasma membrane

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6
Q

neuroglia or glia

A

smaller neurons, supporting cells. important for electrical Mediate or metabolic exchange between vascular system and neurons

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7
Q

neuroglia and glia do NOT

A

generate action potential

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8
Q

are nerve cells or neuroglia are more numerous

A

neuroglia (they can multiply and divide)

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9
Q

special characteristics of neurons

A
  1. extreme longevity (100 yrs)
  2. amitotic (lose ability to divide can’t be replaces)
  3. high metabolic rate (need large supply of O2 and glucose; die in minute without o2)
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10
Q

perikaryon

A

neuron cell body

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11
Q

can you have multiple dendrites or axons

A

dendrites

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12
Q

main function of the perikaryon

A

biosynthetic center of the neuron; no CENTRIOLES because its amitotic; no action potential

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13
Q

nissl bodies

A

free ribosomes that clump together

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14
Q

what helps maintain the shape of neurons

A

microtubules and neurofibrils

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15
Q

axon hillock

A

part of cell body where axon attaches; no organelles

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16
Q

dendrite function

A

main receptive or main input regions. lots of surface area and greatly branched

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17
Q

dendrites are always

A

unmyelinated with no action potential

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18
Q

all organelles except ___ extend into dendrites

A

Golgi

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19
Q

secretory portion of the neuron

A

axon hillocks

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20
Q

anterograde transport

A

substances move from cell body towards axon terminal

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21
Q

retrograde transport

A

substance move from axon terminal towards the cell body

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22
Q

what releases neurotransmitters

A

axon terminal or terminal boutines

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23
Q

the cell body of a neuron is never

A

mylenated

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24
Q

multipolar neurons

A

3 or more processes

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25
Q

bipolar nuerons

A

2 processes

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26
Q

unipolar neurons

A

1 process

27
Q

3 types of neurons based on function

A
  1. sensory or afferent neurons
  2. motor or efferent neurons
  3. interneurons or association neurons- found between motor and sensory
28
Q

trigger zone

A

nerve impulses generated at area

29
Q

rarest type of neuron in human body

A

bipolar

30
Q

all bipolar neurons are

A

sensory neurons (some special sensory)

31
Q

most unipolar neurons are

A

sensory neurons

32
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

neuron carrying impulse away from synapse (can be an effector cell)

33
Q

chemical synapses are released into the ____ while electrical synapses are sent directly to the adjacent cell via ____

A

synaptic cleft, gap junctions

34
Q

synaptic cleft is filled with

A

interstitial fluis, so action potential can’t babe conducted

35
Q

which synapse type is faster

A

electrical because chemical synapses have to be changed into electrical

36
Q

post synaptic neurons contain

A

ligand gated receptors to which the neurotransmitter binds

37
Q

nerve impulse depolarization causes`

A

voltage gated CA2 channels to open

38
Q

3 ways neurotransmitters are removed from postsynaptic receptors

A

degradation by enzymes, reuptake by astrocytes or presynaptic terminal, diffusion away from synapse

39
Q

6 types of neuroglia (4 CNS, 2 PNS)

A
  1. astrocyte
  2. microglia cell
  3. ependymal cells
  4. oligodendrocyte
  5. schwann cells
  6. satellite cells
40
Q

which cells produce myelin

A

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

41
Q

intranodal segment

A

oligodendrocytes produce one sheet of myelin for multiple neurons`

42
Q

predominant glial cells are found in

A

white matter

43
Q

oligodendrocyte histology

A

unstained cytoplasm and dark nucleus. usually in rows

44
Q

largest nueroglia

A

astrocyte

45
Q

astrocytes are found in

A

white matter and grey matter

46
Q

major function of astrocytes

A

controlling the ionic environment of neurons

other: get rid of excess neurotransmitters, form cellular scar tissue, assist in CNS embryo development

47
Q

perivascular feet

A

part of astrocyte that cover capillary endothelia cells and contribute to the blood brain barrier

48
Q

ependymal cells

A

low columnar or cuboidal. line spaces found in brain and spinal cord.

49
Q

ependymal cells have

A

cilia that extends into places with cerebral spinal fluid; helps CSF move

50
Q

ependymal cells are modified in

A

the ventricles to become the choroid plexus

51
Q

cells that line the central canal

A

ependymal cells

52
Q

microglia are distributed in

A

white and grey matter evenly

53
Q

microglia histology

A

short irregular processes with spikes, nuclei are elongated

54
Q

major function of microglia

A

analyze cells for damaged tissues ; major mechanism for immune defense

55
Q

neuroglia that can migrate

A

microglia

56
Q

neuroglia that originates form blood monocytes

A

microglia

57
Q

what morphology do microglia assume when activated

A

macrophages; become phagocytotic and antigen presenting

58
Q

satellite cell

A

create covering layer over neuronal bodies in the PNS ganglia

59
Q

white matter is composed of primarily ____ while gray matter is composed of ____

A

myelinated axons with some neuroglia, unmylennated axons with nissl bodies

60
Q

myelinated fibers conduct impulses ____ while unmyelinated fibers conduct _____

A

rapidly, slowly

61
Q

continuous conduction

A

ummylenated axons

62
Q

saltatory conduction

A

mylenated axons

63
Q

action potential has to be regenerated at

A

nodes of ranvier

Anatomy (12 decks)

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