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Anatomy > CN I, II, II, IV and VI > Flashcards

CN I, II, II, IV and VI Flashcards

1
Q

olfaction

A

detects volatile chemicals that are drawn into nasal cavity

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2
Q

humans can detect___ different odors

A

10,000

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3
Q

olfaction is made up of

A

olfactory bulb, tract, and epithelium

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4
Q

olfaction orientation

A

bilateral

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5
Q

olfactory epithelium contains how may receptor cells

A

3 million

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6
Q

olfactory epithelium contains sensory endings from

A

CN V

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7
Q

the olfactory receptor is what kind of neuron

A

small bipolar

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8
Q

at the dendrite ends of olfactory vesicleare

A

cilia spree over the surface in allure of mucus

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9
Q

mucus in the olfactory receptor is secreted by

A

bowman gland

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10
Q

lifespan of chemosensitive cilia in olfactory receptor

A

1-2 months then the are replaced

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11
Q

axons from olfactory receptors are among the ____ and ____

A

thinnest and slowest

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12
Q

olfactory fila

A

collection of axon bundles (20) in the olfactory receptors

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13
Q

where do the olfactory fila pass through

A

the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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14
Q

olfactory fila make up which CN

A

CN 1

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15
Q

where are the 2nd order neurons in olfactory

A

olfactory bulb

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16
Q

the olfactory bulb and tract develops as an outgrowth of the

A

telencephalon

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17
Q

orientation of the olfactory tract

A

ipsilateral

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18
Q

the olfactory tract has no relay in ___ and goes straight to the ____

A

thalamus, cortex

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19
Q

types of cells that make up the olfactory bulb

A

mitral and tufted cells

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20
Q

cranial nerve one is a ___ order neuron

A

1st order

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21
Q

each type of olfacor receptor sends an axon to

A

one glomerulus of a mitral cell

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22
Q

special sense are ____ neurons

A

bipolar

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23
Q

olfactory tract

A

when axons of mitral cells come together

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24
Q

what regulates sensitivity of olfaction bulb

A

collateral to anterior olfactory nucleus. affects sensitive of smells

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25
Q

olfactory fibers project to both ____

A

both bulbs

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26
Q

olfactory fibers cross the midline in the

A

ANTERIOR COMMISSURE in the brain in order to talk to other side of brain

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27
Q

what stria is rudimentary in humans

A

intermediate olfactory stria

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28
Q

three different strai

A

lateral (primary) olfactory stria, intermediate, medial (secondary)

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29
Q

location of lateral olfactory strai

A

cortex over uncus

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30
Q

medial olfactory stria location and function.

A

subcallosal region. emotional response to smell

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31
Q

the lateral olfactory stria projects to the

A

pyriform area

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32
Q

olfactory information orientation

A

ipsilateral (except the ones in the anterior white commissure)

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33
Q

olfactory information is sent to what 5 areas of the brain

A

hypothalamus, hippocampus (integrated memory), orbital cortex, amygdala, thalamus (goes back around to the dorsal medial nucleusthalamus)

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34
Q

what kind of sense is olfactory

A

special sensory afferent

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35
Q

cns origin or termiatio of the olfactory bulb

A

lateral geniculate nucleus, superior colliculus, hypothalamus

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36
Q

peripheral origin of the olfactory epithelium

A

retinal ganglion cells

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37
Q

zonules

A

attaches ciliary muscle to lens

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38
Q

fovea

A

area of highest acquit in the eye

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39
Q

focus of the eye requires

A

refraction light

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40
Q

what accounts for third of the sys refractive power

A

lens

for near/far objects

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41
Q

most refraction is in the _____ of the corneal surface

A

air-water interface

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42
Q

iris

A

affects brightness and quality of image focused one etina

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43
Q

what are the 2 smooth muscles in the iris that control the size of the pupil

A

pupillary sphincter and the pupillary dilator

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44
Q

which is strong there pupillary sphincter or dilator

A

sphincter

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45
Q

smaller pupil =

A

improved ocular performance

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46
Q

the first layer of photoreceptor synapses on what kind of cells

A

bipolar and horizontal

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47
Q

after the first photoreceptor synapse where do the bipolar and horizontal cells go

A

bipolar cells: project 2nd synapses

horizontal cells: spread laterally and interconnect receptors, bipolar cells and other horizontal cells

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48
Q

what kind of cells can bipolar cells in retina terminate on

A

ganglion cells or amacrine cells

49
Q

amacrine cells

A

interconnect bipolar cells, ganglion ells, and other amacrine cells

50
Q

bipolar, gangion and amacrine fibers collect to for the

A

optic nerve

51
Q

photoreceptor cells are

A

highly specialized with different structural regions

52
Q

outer segments of photoreceptor cells contain

A

visual pigment protein

  1. Rods: Rhodopsin; low acquit and monochromatic
  2. cones: cone pigments; high acuity color vision, need lots light
53
Q

inner segments of photoreceptor cells

A

contain mitochondria to synthesize pigment

54
Q

where are photons absorbed

A

photoreceptor cells

55
Q

the ganglion cells on the surface of the retina have…

A

axons in optic nerve which travel to the optic chasm (partial decussation)

56
Q

once axons in the optic nerve enter the tract they travel to the

A
  1. lateral geniculate nucleus ;thalamic relay for vision

2. or superior colliculus and hypothalamus

57
Q

if visual fields are intact you know

A

lower half to the brain is intact

58
Q

optic nerves in the nasal region of the retina

A

gross over in the optic chasm and go to the opposite side

59
Q

the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is __ layered

A

6 layered, precept retinotopic arrangement

60
Q

each layer of the lateral geniculate gets input from

A

one eye

  1. contralateral eye 1,4,6
  2. ipsilateral eye 2, 3, 5
61
Q

paravocellular layers (LGN)

A

color and form (3-6)

62
Q

magnocellular layers (LGN)

A

movement and contrast (1-2)

63
Q

in LGN projects the fibers representing the inferior visual fields are

A

most superior in the radiations and vice versa

64
Q

optic tract fibers that bypass the LGN go to the

A

superior colliculus and pretectal area (junction of midbrain and diencephalon)

65
Q

what affects the circadian rhythm (sleep schedule)

A

hypothalamus and suprachiasmatic nucleus

66
Q

fibers from he temporal half of the retina enter

A

ipsilateral optic tract

67
Q

each optic tract “sees”

A

the contralateral visual field

68
Q

depth perception needs

A

to examine comparable areas for both retinas, accomplished by chiasm

69
Q

hemianopia

A

loss of half a visual field

70
Q

quadrantanopia

A

loss of one quarter of a visual vield

71
Q

homonymous

A

similar visual field loss in each eye

72
Q

heteronymous

A

two eyes have non-overlapping visual fields

73
Q

damage anterior to the optic chasm only affects the

A

ipsilateral eye

74
Q

damage to the chasm causes

A

heteronymous deficits

75
Q

damage to the optic tracts causes

A

homonymous deficits

76
Q

what are the occulomotor muscles

A

superior oblique, superior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, interior rectus, inferior oblique

77
Q

superior rectus m. function

A

elevation of eye

78
Q

inferior rectus m. function

A

depression of eye

79
Q

medial rectus m function.

A

adduction of eye

80
Q

inferior oblique m. function

A

external rotation of eye. up and in

81
Q

superior oblique m. function

A

internal rotation of eye. down and out

82
Q

lateral rectus m. function

A

abduction of eye

83
Q

abducent nerve (CVI) controls which muslce

A

lateral rectus

84
Q

the oculomotor nerve (CN II) controls which m

A

inferior oblique, superior rectus, medial rectus

85
Q

the trochlear nerve (CN IV) control which m

A

superior oblique

86
Q

parasympathetics of cranial nerve 3 reside in

A

the edinger westphal nucleus

87
Q

describe the parasympathetic input to the eye

A

starts in midbrain. goes to dinger westpha nucleus which sends projections to ciliary ganglion. cell bodies synapse on ciliary ganglion to dilate pupil. pupillary constrictor muscles decrease pupil diameter

88
Q

constriction of pupils in response to light involves ___ sets of neurons

A

4

89
Q

afferent limb: retinal ganglion cells to

A

pretectal nuclei

90
Q

each pretectal nucleus is linked to both ____ via the ____

A

Edinger-westphal nucleus via the posterior commissure

91
Q

pre ganglions parasym. fibers in CN II synapse

A

in ciliary ganglion

92
Q

postganglionic parasymp. fibers in short ciliary nerves

A

enter the iris to supply sphincter constrictor of pupillae

93
Q

the preganglionic sympathetic fibers emerge in the _____ and ascend the _____ to ___

A

thoracic ventral nerve root and ascend sympathetic chain to superior cervical ganglion

94
Q

the postganglionic sympathetic fibers run along the ______

A

external and internal carotid arteries and their branches

95
Q

cavernous sinus

A

where sympathetic postganglionic optic fibers leave the internal carotid and join V1

96
Q

why is the lens flat at resr

A

tension exerted by suspensory ligament

97
Q

to view objects close up the ciliary muscle ___- and the lens suspensory ligaments____ and the lens ____

A

contracts; relax, bulges (thickens)

98
Q

when the sphincter papillae contract it

A

decreases light coming through lens periphery

99
Q

convergence is due to

A

increased tone in the medial rectus muscle; cross eyed

100
Q

result of injury to CNIII

A

eye is “down and out”; the eye on the same she (ipsilater) to lesion with deviate laterally because the medial rectus is weak and th lateral rectus will be unopposed;

patient can’t move eye medially

101
Q

diplopia

A

double vision; can result from injury in cranial nerve III.

102
Q

droopy eyelid is an injury to

A

CN III

103
Q

mydriasis

A

pupil on affected side is dilated (result of injury to CN III) because pupillaryr dilator is unopposed because sphincter and ciliary are dysfunctional

104
Q

pupil doesn’t contract in reposes to light is an injury in

A

CN III

105
Q

what axon type is Edinger westphal nucleus

A

General visceral efferent

106
Q

course of the trochlear nerve (CN IV)

A

axons leave nucleus and course dorsally, decussate,and exit brainstem on dorsal surface

107
Q

CN IV lesion

A

head tilts away from lesion and eye points up (contralateral side for head tilt)

108
Q

CN VI

A

abducens nerve

109
Q

abducens nerve innervate the

A

ipsilateral lateral rectus (abduct)

110
Q

where is the abducens (CN VI) located

A

floor of 4th ventricle (caudal pons)

111
Q

where is the CN VI nucleus located

A

facial colliculus

112
Q

injury to CN VI (abducens)

A

medial strabismus (affect eye deviated medially). ipsilateral eye with not abduc past mid position and contralateral eye will not adduct past mid position

113
Q

why does the course of the abducens nerve(CNVI) make it susceptible to increased intracranial pressure

A

its long intracranial course

114
Q

Medial longitudinial fasiculus

A

allow coronation of head and eye movement

115
Q

which CN motor nuclei ascend in the MLF

A

III, IV, VI

116
Q

Medial longitudinal fasiculus injury

A

eye on same side of lesion won’t move past mid position during horiztonal gaze; but cn VI nuclei are still intact so lateral movement is still intact

117
Q

scanning

A

eyes move from one visual target to another in high-speedmovement saccades; gaze centers founding reticular formation

118
Q

tracking

A

smooth pursuit eyes follow area of interest across visual field

119
Q

compensation

A

are held on object of interest during head movement (vestibuloocular reflex)

Anatomy (12 decks)

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