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Anatomy > auditory and vestibular system > Flashcards

auditory and vestibular system Flashcards

1
Q

auditory and vestibular receptors are located in what part of the temporal bone

A

petrous part

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2
Q

what is located within the vesituble

A

utricle and saccule

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3
Q

the semicircular canals house the

A

semicircular ducts

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4
Q

perilymph

A

fluid filling space outside the membranes labrinyth. fills perilymphatic space between bony an membranous labyrinth. continuous with subarachnoid space

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5
Q

perilymph is similar to

A

extracellular fluid because it contains lots of Na

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6
Q

endolymph

A

fills membranous labyrinth. continuous through and closed system

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7
Q

endolymph is similar to

A

intracellular fluid

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8
Q

cells within the walls of the membranous labyrinth are connected via ___ and create a ____

A

tight junctions, diffusion barrier

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9
Q

stria vasculararis

A

cells within the cochlea that secrete endolymph

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10
Q

where is the endolymph reabsorbed

A

endolymphatic sac that is embedded in dura matter of temporal bone

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11
Q

hair cells are

A

auditory and vestibular receptors

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12
Q

what part of the hair cell projects into the endolymph

A

sterocilia (more like microvilli with actin corse and cross linked)

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13
Q

basal surface of hair cells synapse on what nerve

A

CN 8. which goes to the CNS

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14
Q

tallest sterocilia

A

kinocilium; found in vestibular portion

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15
Q

the tallest sterocilia projects into the

A

gelatinous mass

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16
Q

hair cells are ____ and channels

A

mechanosensitive and transduction channels (turn mechanical energy into electrical signal)

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17
Q

tip links

A

connect sterocilia

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18
Q

how are hair cells depolarized

A

deflect towards tallest sterocilia which stretches the tip links and fires off VIII fibers

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19
Q

differences in the physical arrangement of hair cells determines what

A

the stimuli to which they are most sensitive

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20
Q

parts that use the same general mechanisms

A

cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals

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21
Q

head movement

A

semicircular ducts

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22
Q

head position

A

utricle and saccule

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23
Q

sound

A

cochlea

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24
Q

outer and middle ear are ____ while the inner ear is ____

A

air filled, liquid filled

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25
Q

pathway of sound

A

auricle, external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane, middle ear, ossicles (Malleus, incus, and stapes), oval window, vestibule, cochlea

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26
Q

cochlea bone forms

A

2 3/4 turns

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27
Q

cochlear duct is what shape in cross sections

A

triangular

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28
Q

core of spongy bone inside the middle of the cochlea

A

modulus with osseous serial lamina

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29
Q

threads of the “screw” or modiolus

A

osseous spiral lamina

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30
Q

the basilar membrane connects…?

A

the osseous spiral lamina to the temporal bone

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31
Q

helicotrema

A

hole in the coil of the cochlea

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32
Q

traveling waves in the basilar membrane stimulate ___ in the _____

A

hair cells, organ of court (location depends of sound frequency)

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33
Q

intensity of sound is determined by

A

the rate and number of nerves firing

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34
Q

the frequency of sound is determined by

A

the basilar membrane and the organ of court (tonotopic organization)

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35
Q

the location of sound is accomplished by

A

comparing stimuli between ears within the CNS (superior olivary nucleus)

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36
Q

where do hair cells sit

A

on the basilar membrane

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37
Q

inner hair cells do not plug into the ____ while outer hair cells do plug into the ____

A

tectorial membrane

38
Q

stiff at the base (responds to high frequencies) and floppy at the apex (low frequencies)

A

basilar membrane

39
Q

the organization maintained in the CNS

A

tonotopic organization

40
Q

cochlear implants only work when

A

hair cells are damaged but the CN 8 nerve endings are still intact

41
Q

cochlear implants are placed into

A

the round window into the scala tympani and different points along the basilar membrane

42
Q

spiral ganglion

A

contains the primary afferent cell bodies stimulated by hair cells

43
Q

where do the primary afferents (stimulated by hair cells) synapse

A

both the dorsal cochlear nucleus and the ventral cochlear nuclleus

44
Q

the dorsal cochlear nucleus and ventral cochlear nucleus project

A

bilaterally

45
Q

where do the second order fibers from the dorsal cochlear nucleus ascend in

A

the lateral lemniscus

46
Q

second order fibers from the ventral cochlear nucleus synapse at the

A

superior olivary nucleus (involved in sound localization)

47
Q

the ventral cochlear nucleus

A

synapses in the superior olivary nucleus by crossing thru the TRAPEZOID BODY then the fibers ascend thru the lateral lemniscus

48
Q

where does the lateral lemniscus terminate

A

at the inferior colliculus (in midbrain)

49
Q

where does the inferior colliculus send fibers to

A

thru the inferior brachium to the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus

50
Q

where does the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) project to

A

transverse temporal gyro which is the primary auditory cortex. (superior aspect of temporal lobe)

51
Q

main functions of vestibular system

A

regulate posture (erector spinal muscles), coordinate eye movement, coordinate head moements

52
Q

what are the bony portion son the vestibular division

A

1vestibule and 3 semicircular canals

53
Q

what are the membranous portions of the vestibular division

A

2 otolithic organs (saccule and utricle) and 3 semicircular ducts (anterior, posterior and horizontal)

54
Q

ampulla

A

dilation in each semicircular duct

55
Q

structures of the ampulla

A
  1. crista (similar to organ of court): supporting cells and hair cells
  2. Cupula (gelatinous mass)
56
Q

functions of the cupula

A

a gelatinous mass that creates a partition across the ampulla. it responds to ANGULAR ACCELERATION (when you turn). 3 ducts are arranged so rotation can be detected from 3d plane

57
Q

are the semicircular ducts able to detect continuous rotation

A

no. in the beginning of rotation the endolymph stays behind, then rotation is maintained and the dnolymph catches up. once rotation stops the endolymph keeps going. this is not found in nature more for rollercoasters

58
Q

macula

A

the hair cells in the utricle and saccule

59
Q

otolithic membrane

A

the gelatinous mass that sterocilia project into in the vestibular system

60
Q

what flops in response to various positions of the head to indication head position to linear accelerations

A

otolithic membrane

61
Q

utricle is responsible for

A

forward/ backward nd side to side motions of the head when moving in a straight line

62
Q

saccule is responsible for

A

forward/backward and up and down motion son the head when moving in a straight line

63
Q

each head position has a ____ of stimulation

A

unique pattern

64
Q

what causes vertigo

A

when otoconia rocks that are sensitive to gravity float into the semicircular duct

65
Q

hair cells stimulate the ______

A

peripheral process of the vestibular division of CN 8

66
Q

the vestibular ganglion projects directly into the?

A

cerebellum and vestibular nuclei

67
Q

juxtarestiform body

A

how the vestibular ganglion projects directly into the cerebellum part of the INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE

68
Q

what are the 4 vestibular nuclei within the vestibular nuclear complex on each side

A

inferior, medial, lateral, and superior

69
Q

otoconia

A

small bits of calcium carbonate in the oolitic membrane called ear sand

70
Q

projections from the ipsilateral vestibular ganglion go to which 4 areas

A
  1. cerebellum
  2. spinal cord
  3. visual information nuclei
  4. contralateral vestibular nuclei (extensively interconnected)
71
Q

projections from the ipsilater vestibular ganglion reach the cerebellum via

A

the flocculondular lobe. this coordinates head movement

72
Q

projections from the ipsilater vestibular ganglion reach the spinal cord via

A

spinovestibular fibers. this regulates posture

73
Q

projections from the ipsilater vestibular ganglion go to the visual information nuclei in the brainstem in order to?

A

distinguish movement and just movement across the retina

74
Q

projections out of the vestibular nuclei to CN III, IV, and VI does what?

A

coordinates eye movement

75
Q

contralateral projections out of the vestibular nuclei to the thalamus does what?

A

conscious awareness

76
Q

projections out of the vestibular nuclei to the visceral nuclei does what

A

autonomic effects (seasickness)

77
Q

functions the the lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

stabilizes posture

78
Q

lateral vestibulospinal tract orientation

A

stays ipsilateral

79
Q

course of the lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

lateral vestibular nucleus—- runs next to the spinothalamic tract—- antigravity muscles at all spinal levels

80
Q

functions of the medial vestibulospinal tract

A

stabilize head from waling and eye movements

81
Q

orientation of the medial vestibulospinal tract

A

bilateral

82
Q

course of the medial vestibulospinal tract

A

median vestibular nucleus —- MLF—- cervical spinal cord

83
Q

function of vestibuloocular reflex

A

generate eye movements that compensate for head movements (keeps eye fixed on object in visual field)
(Still works in the dark but different than tracking)

84
Q

pathway of the vestibuloocular reflex

A

semicircular canals —vestibular nuclei — MLF and RF —- nuclei of CN III, 4 and 6

85
Q

afferent limb of vestibuloocular reflex

A

CN 8

86
Q

efferent limb of vestibuloocular reflex

A

nuclei that control the extra ocular muscles

87
Q

interneuronal connects in vestibuloocular reflex

A

MLF and RF

88
Q

nystagmus

A

physiological: aid in keeping images on retina during movement (reset movement)
pathological: astagmus shaking of eye but doesn’t change object fixed on or eyes shakeng all the time and doesn’t change visual field

89
Q

cupula and gravity and what can affect this relationship

A

normal: cupula has same density as endolymph so not deflected by gravity
affected by: alcohol consumption which penetrates inner ear or dislodged otoconia “plunger effect”

90
Q

what sense work together to help with balance (position sense)

A

vestibular sense, proprioceptive sense and visual sense. 2 out of 3 functions must be working

91
Q

rhombergs sign

A

loss of 2 or 3 senses is disabling for balance

Anatomy (12 decks)

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