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Biology 263- MCC > Nervous System Function > Flashcards

Nervous System Function Flashcards

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1
Q

Central nervous system consists of which structures?

A

Brain & spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system consist of which structures?

A

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, and also sensory & motor fibers.

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3
Q

Name the two divisions of the PNS

A

Sensory (afferent) & motor (efferent)

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4
Q

Sensory division of the PNS consists of which types of fibers:

A

somatic & visceral sensory nerve fibers which conduct impulses from receptor to CNS

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5
Q

Name the two motor divisions of the PNS

A

Somatic nervous system and ANS

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6
Q

Somatic nervous system function:

A

somatic/voluntary nerve fibers conduct impulses to skeletal muscles

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7
Q

What is the function of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

A

visceral/involuntary motor nerve fibers conduct impulses to smooth & cardiac muscles and glands

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8
Q

Name the main function of the Sympathetic Nervous System and some examples of how the body responds.

A

mobilizes body systems during activity (fight or flight); increases heart rate, blood flow, increase glucose, brachiodilation, reduced saliva, bladder restriction, dilated pupils, reduced peristalsis & secretion

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9
Q

Name the main function of the Parasympathetic nervous system and some examples of how the body responds.

A

conserves energy and promotes housekeeping during rest (rest & digest); stimulated salivary flow, lower heart rate, bronchiorestriction, stimulated peristalsis & secretion & bile release, bladder contraction, constricted pupils

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10
Q

Astrocytes

A

highly branched, most abundant glial cells, cling to neurons and capillaries, monitor/regulate/modify surrounding environment, regulate blood/brain barrier, can modulate neuron activity & strength of stimulus

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11
Q

Microglia

A

defensive cells of CNS, immune response; monitor health of neurons; are mobile and can change into macrophages if necessary

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12
Q

Ependymal cells

A

form sheets of cells and line CSF filled CNS cavities, contain cilia that beat and move CSF around which helps maintain health of CNS

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13
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

have processes that form myelin sheaths around CNS fibers, increase velocity of impulses

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14
Q

Name the two types of neuroglia in PNS and their function.

A

Satellite cells- like astrocytes, surround cell body and monitor surrounding environment
Schwann cells- wrap axons with entire cell to form myelin sheath

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15
Q

Name the 4 special characteristics of neurons

A

extreme longevity, amitotic, high metabolic rate, possess a cell body and one or more processes

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16
Q

Name the clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS and PNS

A

CNS- nuclei; PNS- ganglia

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17
Q

Name the clusters of axons in the CNS and PNS

A

CNS- tracts; PNS- nerves

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18
Q

Where is AP generated in axon?

A

Initial segment, after graded potentials converge on axon hillock

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19
Q

Myelin sheath function & type of conduction

A

Increase speed of impulses; saltatory conduction via more VGCs at nodes of Ranvier

20
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

3+ processes; 1 axon & 2 or more dendrites; most common neuron

21
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

2 processes; one axon and one dendrite; rare- found in ear, retina

22
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

cell body offset from T-like axon; peripheral process assoc w/ sensory receptor and central process enters CNS (most sensory neurons are unipolar)

23
Q

Sensory/afferent neurons

A

mainly unipolar, cell body in ganglia, transmit into CNS from PNS

24
Q

Motor/efferent neurons

A

multipolar; cell body in nuclei & gray matter of CNS; carry impulses away from the CNS

25
Q

Interneurons

A

remain in CNS, multipolar; connects sensory neurons to motor neurons

26
Q

What causes hyperpolarization?

A

K+ leak channels slow closure

27
Q

What are graded potentials?

A

short distance signals that depolarize a small part of the membrane, spreads via Na+ influx but decays over a distance due to leak channels

28
Q

What is approximate threshold for an action potential?

A

-55mV

29
Q

What is the extra state in voltage gated sodium channels?

A

Besides the open & closed state, they also have an inactivated state due to inactivation gate. Must return to closed state before it can reopen (absolute refractory period)

30
Q

How is a strong AP created?

A

Increased frequency of stimulus.

31
Q

How are action potentials prevented from going the wrong way?

A

The absolute refractory period, which is caused by the inactivation state of VGSCs.

32
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

A period when most VGSCs are resetting and the threshold for generating an AP is elevated; stronger stimulus needed to overcome hyperpolarization

33
Q

Multiple Sclerosis cause & remission

A

Auto-immune disease where oligodendrocytes are destroyed which slows impulses; remission is caused by demyelinated axons producing more Na+ channels; treated with immunosuppressants

34
Q

Why are electrical synapses faster than chemical synapses?

A

the neurons are connected via gap junctions which allows ions to pass quickly between cells

35
Q

What is a metabotropic receptor?

A

A GPCR in the post-synaptic neuron that binds a neurotransmitter. This binding triggers an intracellular cascade or it can alter the number of ionotropic receptors.

36
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential

A

brings neuron closer to AP threshold; neurotransmitter binds chemically gated channel and opens for Na+ to move in

37
Q

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential

A

causes hyperpolarization; neurotransmitter binds chemically gated channel allowing K+ to exit or Cl- to enter cell

38
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

when impulses are fired more rapidly, EPSPs summate and reach threshold

39
Q

Spatial summation

A

impulses summate from multiple synapses

40
Q

Serial processing

A

Input travels along one pathway to a specific destination; all or nothing response (stimulus - receptor-sensory neuron-integration center- motor neuron- effector- response)

41
Q

With this type of processing, input travels along several pathways and different part of circuitry deals simultaneously with the info. It’s important in higher level mental function.

A

Parallel processing

42
Q

Diverging circuit

A

one input, many outputs (like a motor neuron to skeletal muscle)

43
Q

Converging circuit

A

many inputs, one output; sensory stimuli elicit same memory

44
Q

Reverberating circuit

A

signal travels through chain of neurons, each feeding back on previous neurons (important for controlling rhythmic activity)

45
Q

Parallel after-discharge circuit

A

single input stimulates multiple parallel neurons which converge to a single output

Biology 263- MCC (10 decks)

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