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Biology 263- MCC > Chapter 15 - Eye & Ear > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Eye & Ear Flashcards

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1
Q

The barrier between the outer ear and middle ear

A

tympanic membrane

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2
Q

sound energy is converted to ___ energy by the ___

A

mechanical energy; tympanic membrane

it’s mechanical energy because the tympanic membrane vibrates, and that mechanical energy can then be transferred to the auditory ossicles

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3
Q

the pharyngotympanic tube connects the middle ear to the ___

A

nasopharynx (back of nasal cavity)

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4
Q

physiology of pharyngotympanic tube

A
  • allows us to equalize pressure across tympanic membrane when the tube is opened by yawning, chewing, etc.
  • this is important because tympanic membrane cannot vibrate properly unless pressure is equalized
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5
Q

___ window is deep to stapes

A

oval window is deep to stapes

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6
Q

which of the auditory ossicles articulates with both of the other two?

A

incus

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7
Q

name the muscles that suspend the auditory ossicles and physiology

A

tensor tympani - longer, attached to malleus
stapedius - shorter, attached to stapes
when they contract due to loud sounds, they dampen the vibrations to prevent damage to inner ear structures

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8
Q

name the three parts of the bony labyrinth

A

vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea

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9
Q

which division of the ear is responsible for both hearing and equilibrium?

A

inner ear

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10
Q

What is the structure inside the bony labyrinth called? What does it contain?

A

the membranous labyrinth, which contains K+ - rich endolymph

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11
Q

which two structures make up the vestibular apparatus?

A

semicircular canals and vestibule

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12
Q

which of the membranous sacs in the vestibule is closer to the cochlea?

A

saccule is continuous with cochlear duct

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13
Q

through which nerve is information sent back to the central nervous system from the maculae of the inner ear?

A

vestibulocochlear (VIII)

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14
Q

what are the hairlike structures on the hair cell called?

A

stereocilia; the one with the bulb is the kinocilium responsible for relaying info to the vestibular nerve

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15
Q

What is on the surface of the jello-like membrane in the maculae of inner ear?

A

Otoliths, which are basically heavy little rocks made of CaCO3 on the surface of the otolith membrane. These increase the inertia of the membrane.

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16
Q

what causes the stereocilia of the macula to bend back or forth?

A

movement of the head causes the otolith membrane to slide back and forth. Since the hair cells’ tips are embedded in the otolith membrane, they bend when the membrane slides

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17
Q

when stereocilia bend ___ the kinocilium, channels ___

A

towards, open;

away, close

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18
Q

when the head tilts ___, the frequency of APs fired ___

A

forward, increases- due to hairs bending toward kinocilium;

backward, decreases due to hairs bending away from kinocilium

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19
Q

This transparent membrane covers the eye and provides lubrication. The palpebral part extends under the eyelids and the bulbar part covers the whites of the eye.

A

conjuctiva

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20
Q

The______ produces & secretes tears which enter the conjuctival sac via secretory ducts. Blinking moves tears down and across the eyeball where they enter the _______ punctum & canaliculi, eventually draining into the ________ sac and nasolacrimal duct.

A

lacrimal gland, lacrimal, lacrimal (all part of lacrimal apparatus).

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21
Q

The superior and inferior rectus eye muscles elevate and depress the eye, respectively, but they also turn the eye which direction: laterally or medially?

A

Medially

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22
Q

The superior and inferior oblique eye muscles ______ and _______ the eye, but they also turn the eye laterally.

A

depress, elevate

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23
Q

The ______ tunic is the outer layer of the eye, consisting of the _____ and ______.

A

fibrous, sclera & cornea

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24
Q

The transparent, anterior 1/6th portion of the fibrous tunic allows light to enter the eye and contains many pain receptors.

A

Cornea

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25
Q

The part of the fibrous tunic covers the posterior 5/6 of the fibrous tunic and is continuous with the dura mater of the brain.

A

Sclera

26
Q

The _____ tunic is the middle, pigmented layer of the eye consisting of the choroid, ciliary body, lens, and iris.

A

vascular

27
Q

These smooth muscles control the shape of the lens. When relaxed the muscle is wider, the lens becomes thin and focused for distant vision. When contracted, the lens becomes thick and focused for short vision.

A

Ciliary muscles

28
Q

Cataracts are caused by the clumping of crystalline proteins in this biconvex structure.

A

Lens

29
Q

_______ ligaments attached to _______ muscles help control the shape of the lens.

A

Suspensory, ciliary; these make up the ciliary body

30
Q

This dark posterior region absorbs light and contains many blood vessels supplying blood to all layers of the eye.

A

Choroid

31
Q

This colored part of the eye separates the cornea and the lens, and controls the opening/closing of the pupil.

A

Iris

32
Q

The _________ nervous system innervates the sphincter pupillae of the iris and when it contracts, causes the pupil to constrict.

A

parasympathetic

33
Q

The _________ nervous system innervates the dilator pupillae of the iris and when it contracts, causes the pupil to dilate.

A

sympathetic

34
Q

The _______ tunic consist of the retina, which contains_____% of the body’s sensory receptors.

A

nervous, 70%

35
Q

The outer pigmented layer stores vitamin A and transfers it to photoreceptors in the inner neural layer of the _______.

A

Retina

36
Q

These photoreceptors are for peripheral vision and dim light, and also do not detect color.

A

Rods

37
Q

There are 3 types of this photoreceptor, important in bright light, central vision, and high resolution colors.

A

Cones

38
Q

Lateral to the optic disc blind spot, this structure contains mostly cones with a tiny pit called the fovea centralis. Here we have our sharpest vision.

A

Macula lutea

39
Q

The anterior segment, the area in front of the lens, is filled with__________.

A

Aqueous humor

40
Q

The posterior segment, the area behind the lens, is filled with ________, which helps keep the shape of the eye and holds the retina against the choroid.

A

Vitreous humor

41
Q

The structures are actually modified neurons consisting of a cell body, synaptic terminal, and an inner and outer segment.

A

Rods and cones

42
Q

_____ is the key light absorbing molecule in photoreceptors. It combines with opsins to form pigments.

A

Retinal

43
Q

Process by which a pigment captures light energy and converts it into a graded receptor potential

A

phototransduction

44
Q

Summarize steps of phototransduction

A
  1. Retinal absorbs light and changes shape, activating visual pigment
  2. Visual pigments activates transducin (a G-protein)
  3. Transducin activates phosphodiesterase
  4. Phosphodiesterase coverts cGMP to GMP, causing cGMP levels to fall
  5. When cGMP levels fall, cGMP gated cation channels, close, causing hyperpolarization
45
Q

tiplinks close when the head is tilted ___

A

backwards, because the tiplinks are looser and the mechanically-gated channels can close, hyperpolarizing the hair cell

46
Q

___ maculae are oriented horizontally, and detect head movement in the horizontal plane

A

utricle

47
Q

saccule maculae respond to ___ movement

A

vertical

48
Q

___ are the enlarged regions of each semicircular canal

A

ampulla

49
Q

inside the ampulla are ___ which contain ___

A 
crista ampullaris; hair cells extending to the 
ampullary culpula (gelled mass)
50
Q

how do the semicircular canals detect movement?

A

when endolympth moves past the ampullary cupula, that moves the hair bundles with their stereocilia and kinocilium

51
Q

Semicircular canals detect rotational movement during the entire movement. True or False?

A

False; they detect when the rotational movement starts and stops

52
Q

the ___ window’s function is pressure release

A

round

53
Q

list the structures that sound waves (or fluid waves) pass through in order (if it’s within the hearing range)

A

tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, scala vestibuli, cochlear duct, scala tympani; movement through cochlear duct is what causes hair cells to bend

54
Q

the organ of ___ is where sound information is actually transduced

A

organ of corti (spiral organ) within the scala media chamber

55
Q

which chambers are filled with perilymph?

A

scala vestibuli

scala tympani

56
Q

cochlear hairs in the spiral organ are embedded in the ___

A

tectorial membrane

57
Q

with vibrations, the ___ membrane vibrates while the ___ membrane stays stationary

A

basilar; tectorial

58
Q

how do we hear different sound frequencies?

A

location of the vibration on the basilar membrane – low-frequency sounds vibrate floppy fibers at the apex; high-frequency sounds vibrate the stiff fibers near the base

59
Q

when tip links are pulled, what type of channels open?

A

mechanically-gated ion channels

60
Q

what two important functions do the outer hair cells do?

A

1) contract to amplify motion of basilar membrane for fine-tuned hearing
2) relax to decrease motion of the basilar membrane to protect the inner hair cells from bending too far

Biology 263- MCC (10 decks)

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