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Biology 263- MCC > Nervous System- Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Nervous System- Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Brain vesicle associated with the cerebrum and lateral ventricles

A

Telencephalon

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2
Q

Brain vesicle associated with thalamus & hypothalamus and third ventricle

A

Diencephalon

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3
Q

Brain vesicle associated with the midbrain of the brain stem & cerebral aqueduct

A

Mesencephalon

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4
Q

Brain vesicle associated with pons, cerebellum, and 4th ventricle

A

Metencephalon

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5
Q

Brain vesicle associated with medulla oblongata and 4th ventricle

A

Myelencephalon

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6
Q

This connects the lateral & third ventricles

A

Interventricular foramen

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7
Q

Structure connecting 3rd and 4th ventricles

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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8
Q

Location of cerebrum gray & white matter

A

Gray matter is superficial; white matter is deep with interspersed brain nuclei

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9
Q

This fissure separates the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Longitudinal fissure

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10
Q

This fissure separate the cerebrum and cerebellum

A

Transverse cerebral fissure

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11
Q

Each hemisphere in the cerebrum has _____ concern.

A

Contralateral

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12
Q

What are the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

Motor, sensory, and association areas

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13
Q

Large neurons in the cerebral cortex that allow conscious control of skeletal muscle

A

Pyramidal cells

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14
Q

Function of the premotor cortex

A

Help plan movements & coordinate movement of several muscle groups (typing, playing an instrument)

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15
Q

Broca’s area function

A

Motor speech area that directs muscles involved in speech production (only in one hemisphere)

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16
Q

Frontal eye field location & function

A

Part of cerebrum- anterior to premotor cortex; control voluntary eye movement

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17
Q

This posterior part of the cerebrum receives general sensory info and lets us be aware of the sensations on the body.

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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18
Q

Integrates and processes info from the primary somatosensory cortex

A

Somatosensory association cortex

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19
Q

This receives visual info from the retina

A

Primary visual cortex

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20
Q

Allows for visual recognition (sharp, long, hairy…)

A

Visual association area

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21
Q

The primary _____ cortex receives sound info and relays it to the auditory association area.

A

Auditory

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22
Q

The area processes sounds using memory to recognize and interpret sounds.

A

Auditory association area

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23
Q

Receives and processes smell

A

Primary olfactory cortex

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24
Q

Important in taste; located in insula

A

Gustatory cortex

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25
Q

Equilibrium is partially controlled here.

A

Vestibular cortex (in insula)

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26
Q

This area is where our personality, intellect, reasoning is located.

A

Anterior association area
aka
prefrontal cortex

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27
Q

We receive sensory input and combine it into a coherent whole, which allows for spatial and pattern recognition.

A

Posterior assoc area

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28
Q

This part of the posterior association area is where understanding of written and spoken language occurs

A

Wernicke’s area

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29
Q

This area is where emotion and memory is stored

A

Limbic assoc area

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30
Q

These fibers connect different parts of the same hemisphere

A

Association fibers

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31
Q

These fibers cross between hemispheres

A

Commissural fibers (corpus callosum)

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32
Q

These fibers connect the cerebral cortex to the lower area of the brain

A

Projection fibers

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33
Q

These clusters of coronal gray matter within white matter help in stop/start movement

A

Basal nuclei

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34
Q

The diencephalon is made up of these 3 structuers

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

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35
Q

This structure is important in acting as a relay station for sensory info arriving from sensory fibers; it passes that info on to the cerebral cortex via projection fibers.

A

Thalamus

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36
Q

This structure acts as an ANS control center and helps maintain homeostasis (heart rate, blood pressure, body temp).

A

Hypothalamus

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37
Q

This stalk extends from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland.

A

Infundibulum

38
Q

The optic nerves cross here.

A

optic chiasma

39
Q

This structure acts as a relay station for olfactory senses.

A

Mammillary body

40
Q

The brain stem consists of these three structures.

A

Midbrain, pons, & medulla oblongata

41
Q

This part of the diencephalon contains the pineal gland, which secretes melatonin for sleep regulation.

A

epithalamus

42
Q

The superior cerebellar ______ connect the midbrain to the cerebellum and help direct complex motor patterns.

A

peduncles

43
Q

The superior colliculi of the ___________ initiate a reflex response to visual stimuli.

A

corpora quadrigemina

44
Q

The inferior colliculi of the corpora quadrigemina initiate a reflex response to _______ stimuli.

A

auditory

45
Q

The periaqueductal gray matter is important in _____/_____ response.

A

fight/flight

46
Q

This system is important in keeping the cerebral cortex alert.

A

reticular activating system

47
Q

This melanin containing structure in the midbrain inhibits the basal nuclear complex (which in turn regulates motor function)

A

Substantia nigra

48
Q

This iron rich area in the midbrain is important in limb flexion and tone.

A

Red nuclei

49
Q

This structure consists of deep projection fibers that run longitudinally between higher brain centers and the spinal cord and superficial fibers that run transversely and connect the structure to the cerebellum.

A

Pons

50
Q

The decussation of pyramids occur in the structure, which is an autonomic reflex center.

A

Medulla oblongata

51
Q

The cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata helps regulate_______ and ________ contraction.

A

Cardiac (rate and force) and vasomotor (blood vessels)

52
Q

The respiratory center is located in the:

A

Medulla oblongata

53
Q

This structure contains 3 highly folded lobes: anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular.

A

Cerebellum

54
Q

This structure’s main function is to subconsciously provide precise timing and patterns for coordinated movement of skeletal muscles.

A

Cerebellum

55
Q

The white matter in the cerebellum that is shaped like a tree is called the________. The gray matter on the outside of this branching is called folia.

A

arbor vitae

56
Q

This system is involved in emotion, memory, and ANS control of visceral organs.

A

Limbic system

57
Q

Part of the limbic system, the_______ is involved in fear and aggression.

A

Amygdala

58
Q

Part of the limbic system, the_______ is involved in the expression of emotion via body language.

A

Cingulate gyrus

59
Q

Part of the limbic system, the_______ are involved in pleasure/reward pathway.

A

Septal nuclei

60
Q

Part of the limbic system, the_______ are involved in the relay of olfactory & recollective memory.

A

Mammillary bodies

61
Q

Part of the limbic system, the_______ is involved in physical responses to emotions (i.e blood pressure and heart rate)

A

Hypothalamus

62
Q

The white matter tracts of the limbic system that run from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and thalamus is called________.

A

Fornix

63
Q

These white matter tracts connect the two hemispheres. It is considered part of the limbic system.

A

Corpus callosum

64
Q

This systems receives ascending sensory input, relays it through the thalamus, which filters the info and sends the most important on to the cerebrum.

A

Reticular activating system

65
Q

The reticular activating system is important in keeping the_______ aroused and alert.

A

Cerebrum

66
Q

These carry impulses from the reticular nuclei to the spinal cord which help regulate skeletal and visceral muscle activity.

A

Descending projections

67
Q

What is one of the primary functions of basal nuclei?

A

prevent or inhibit unwanted muscle contractions (damage leads to tremors)

68
Q

In which type of hematoma is the dura peeled off the skull?

A

epidural hematoma

hematoma is superficial to dura mater

69
Q

Which type of hematoma is slower-growing? Why?

A

Subdural hematoma (dura still attached to skull), because bleeding is from a vein, which is a lower-pressure structure than an artery

70
Q

What is the “classic triad” of meningitis symptoms

A

Headache
Fever
Nuchal rigidity

71
Q

What term means inflammation of the brain?

A

encephalitis

72
Q

What is one way subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhages (type of TBI) can be fatal?

A

pressure from blood can become so great that it can force the brain stem through the foramen magnum

73
Q

What’s the main difference between a concussion and a contusion?

A

Duration; concussions temporarily alter function and contusions are permanent damage

74
Q

What is the clinical term for stroke?

A

ischemia

75
Q

What are some of the signs of stroke?

A 
BE FAST
Balance loss
Eyesight changes
Face drooping
Arm weakness
Slurred speech
Time to call 9-1-1
76
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

proteins misfold, malfunction, form plaques or tangles

progressive degeneration, brain itself shrinks, low brain activity

77
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

degeneration of dopamine-released neurons in substantia nigra, overactive basal nuclei w/o dopamine, motor tremors

78
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

accumulation of huntingtin protein in cells, degeneration of basal nuclei in cerebral cortex, jerky movements, quick-onset dementia

79
Q

nerves servicing arms arise from the ____

A

cervical enlargement of the spinal cord

80
Q

nerves servicing the legs arise from the ___

A

lumbar enlargement (of the spinal cord)

81
Q

Does sensory input travel to the dorsal or ventral horns of the spinal cord?

A

dorsal

82
Q

Which motor neurons are destroyed in someone with polio?

A

lower motor neurons (ventral horn)

83
Q

What is the function of dorsal white column tracts? Where do they originate/terminate?

A

origin: spinal cord (dorsal horn), termination: somatosensory cortex, function: discriminative touch and conscious proprioception

84
Q

What is the function of spinothalamic tracts? Where do they originate/terminate?

A

origin: spinal cord (dorsal horn), termination: somatosensory cortex (via thalamus), function: crude touch, pain, temp, pressure

85
Q

What is the function of corticospinal tracts? Where do they originate/terminate?

A

motor pathway, origin: motor cortex, termination: spinal cord (ventral horn), function: voluntary motor movements

86
Q

spinal cord damage to dorsal roots or sensory tracts leads to

A

paresthesia (loss of sensory function)

87
Q

spinal cord damage to ventral roots or ventral horn (lower motor neurons) leads to

A

flaccid paralysis

88
Q

spinal cord damage to upper motor neurons leads to

A

spastic paralysis

89
Q

Where is the damage that leads to quadriplegia?

A

cervical spine (above T1)

90
Q

Where is the damage that leads to paraplegia?

A

T1-L1

91
Q

What makes ALS different from polio?

A

Its cause is not well understood, maybe a combination of genetic and environmental factors (cause of polio is understood)

Biology 263- MCC (10 decks)

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