Chapter 14 - ANS

Question 1

The preganglionic neurons’ cell bodies live ___

Answer 1

in the CNS

Question 2

describe structure of preganglionic neurons

Answer 2

thin, lightly myelinated

Question 3

describe structure of postganglionic neurons

Answer 3

nonmyelinated

Question 4

postganglionic cell bodies live ___

Answer 4

in autonomic ganglion

Question 5

effector organs of autonomic nervous system

Answer 5

smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle

Question 6

What releases ACh in the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 6

preganglionic and postganglionic axons in the parasympathetic nervous system & preganglionic axons in the sympathetic nervous system (all except postganglionic sympathetic)

Question 7

What’s the NT at the effector organs in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 7

Norepinephrine

Question 8

besides ganglion, what else do some sympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse to? What do they release in that exceptional case?

Answer 8

adrenal medulla; release hormones norepinephrine or epinephrine into blood vessels

Question 9

describe dual innervation

Answer 9

most of the body’s abdominopelvic and thoracic organs are innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers

Question 10

discuss the differences in the fibers’ sites of origin in the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

Answer 10

parasympathetic: fibers originate in the brain or sacral spinal nerves (craniosacral)
sympathetic: fibers originate in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord (thoracolumbar)

Question 11

discuss the differences in the relative lengths of fibers in the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

Answer 11

parasympathetic: long preganglionic and short postganglionic; sympathetic: short pre and long post

Question 12

discuss the differences in the locations of ganglia in the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

Answer 12

parasympathetic: ganglia in or near visceral effector organs; sympathetic: ganglia close to spinal cord

Question 13

list the ganglion & functions for the oculomotor nerve III in the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 13

ciliary ganglion - constrict pupil and contract ciliary body for close vision

Question 14

list the ganglia & functions for the facial nerve VII in the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 14

pterygopalatine & submandibular - increase nasal secretions and tear production

Question 15

list the ganglion & functions for the glossopharyngeal nerve IX in the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 15

otic ganglion - increase saliva

Question 16

list the plexuses of the vagus nerve X in the parasympathetic nervous system and what organs they serve

Answer 16

cardiac plexus - slow heart rate;
pulmonary plexus - serve lungs and bronchi;
esophageal plexus - sends branches to stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, parts of lg intestine

Question 17

preganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve arise from the __ and synapse in __ ganglia in walls of target organs

Answer 17

medulla oblongata; intramural

Question 18

pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate

Answer 18

pelvic organs

Question 19

in the sympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic cell bodies live in the ___

Answer 19

lateral horns of the spinal cord in T1-L2

Question 20

list the structures in order in the pathways from the preganglionic sympathetic neurons to the head and thorax

Answer 20

lateral horn > ventral rootlets > ventral root > spinal nerve > white ramus communicans > synapse with postganglionic fiber in sympathetic ganglion (either on same level or higher/lower level) > gray ramus communicans

Question 21

what happens if a preganglionic sympathetic fiber does not synapse in the sympathetic chain?

Answer 21

it instead passes it and goes to a splanchnic nerve to the abdomen and pelvis

Question 22

name some effectors only innervated by the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 22

arrector pili, adrenal gland, sweat glands

Question 23

what are the cells in the adrenal medulla called?

Answer 23

chromaffin cells, which make and secrete catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 24

what happens when the parasympathetic/sympathetic system is dominant in the following: eye, salivary and lacrimal glands, lungs, heart, digestive organs

Answer 24

Question 25

___ergic fibers release ACh

Answer 25

cholinergic fibers

Question 26

___ergic fibers release NE

Answer 26

adrenergic fibers (most sympathetic postganglionic)

Question 27

nicotinic receptors are always ___

Answer 27

excitatory

Question 28

muscarinic receptors are ___

Answer 28

sometimes excitatory, sometimes inhibitory

Question 29

which postganglionic neurons are muscarinic?

Answer 29

all parasympathetic + sweat glands of sympathetic system

Question 30

when alpha 1 receptors bind to NE or Epi, we get ___

Answer 30

basoconstriction, constriction of visceral organs' sphincters, dilation of pupils

Question 31

alpha 2 receptors lead to ___

Answer 31

decreased insulin secretion, increased blood clotting

Question 32

beta 1 receptors lead to ___

Answer 32

increased heart rate and force of contraction, release of renin, higher BP, lower urine output

Question 33

beta 2 receptors lead to ___

Answer 33

dilation of blood vessels & bronchioles of lungs, relaxation of smooth muscle in digestive and urinary organs

Question 34

beta 3 receptors lead to ___

Answer 34

increased lipolysis in adipose tissue

Question 35

what does neostigmine do?

Answer 35

inhibits acetylcholinesterase, prolonging affect of ACh, administered to help with myesthenia gravis

Question 36

salbutemol helps with ___

Answer 36

bronchodilation, because it activates beta 2 receptors, i.e. for asthma treatment (mimics norepinephrine)

Question 37

anticholinergics block ___

Answer 37

muscarinic receptors, inhibiting parasympathetic NS, i.e. asthma, dry up respiratory membranes, inhibit saliva production, dilate pupils

Question 38

sympathomimetic drugs activate ___

Answer 38

adrenergic receptors in order to mimic sympathetic response; treat nasal congestion, allergies

Question 39

beta blockers function to ___

Answer 39

block beta 1 receptors in order to decrease HR and force of contraction; for conditions like hypertension, angina, migraine; all end in -olol

Question 40

alpha blockers function to ___

Answer 40

block alpha receptors, relax smooth muscle to treat hypertension or erectile dysfunction

Question 41

the anterior hypothalamus generally deals with the ___ system

Answer 41

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 42

the posterior hypothalamus generally deals with the ___ system

Answer 42

sympathetic nervous system

Question 43

list some things the hypothalamus controls

Answer 43

heart activity, blood pressure, temperature of body, water balance, endocrine activity, emotional responses (activated through limbic system signal to activate sympathetic NS)