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Health Science Anatomy & Physiology (Inlet Grove Community High School) > Nervous System Deck > Flashcards

Nervous System Deck Flashcards

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1
Q

nervous system

A

the communication network for the body; the most highly organized system

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2
Q

the main function of the nervous system

A

to coordinate all of the body’s activities

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3
Q

when changes occur inside or outside the body

A

the nervous system allows it to recognize them and respond as needed

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4
Q

the basic element of the nervous system

A

the neuron

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5
Q

neuron/nerve cell

A

job is to transmit a message from one cell to the next

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6
Q

in order for a neuron to perform its job

A

contains special fibers that extend from the cytoplasm of the cell body

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7
Q

dendrites

A

conduct impulses toward the cell

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8
Q

a nerve cell

A

may have several dendrites

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9
Q

axons

A

conduct impulses away from the cell

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10
Q

each nerve cell

A

has only one axon

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11
Q

many axons

A

covered by a fatty tissue called the myelin sheath

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12
Q

myelin sheath

A

protects the axons and speeds up the impulse as it travels

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13
Q

impulse

A

refers to a force that produces sudden activity in nerve cells and is transmitted in a wave along nerve fibers

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14
Q

the axon of one neuron

A

lies close to many dendrites of other neurons

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15
Q

synapse

A

the space between a dendrite and an axon

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16
Q

neurotransmitters

A

special chemicals that help impulses “jump” the synapse to pass the message from cell to cell

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17
Q

neurons

A

form bundles called nerves

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18
Q

the impulses

A

can follow many different routes throughout the body

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19
Q

types of neurons

A

afferent, efferent, associative

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20
Q

afferent neurons/sensory neurons

A

carry messages from all parts of the body to the brain and spinal cord

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21
Q

efferent neurons/motor neurons

A

carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

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22
Q

associative neurons/interneurons

A

carry messages from afferent neurons to efferent neurons

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23
Q

the two main divisions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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24
Q

central nervous system

A

consists of the brain, spinal cord, optic (eye) nerves

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25
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

consists of nerves that reach all parts of the body

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26
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the special division of the peripheral nervous system which controls the involuntary activities of the vital organs

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27
Q

spinal cord

A

controls many reflex actions; acts as a pathway for messages to and from the brain and the nerves that go to the muscles and glands

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28
Q

involuntary

A

refers to actions that are not controlled by a person’s conscious thought/will

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29
Q

brain

A

interprets, organizes, and stores information

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30
Q

job of the brain

A

to control and direct body functions

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31
Q

the main sections of the brain

A

the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brain stem

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32
Q

cerebrum

A

the largest and highest section of the brain; separated into four lobes; concerned with reasoning, the senses, speech, voluntary body movement

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33
Q

the four lobes of the cerebrum

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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34
Q

diencephalon

A

includes two parts: the thalamus and the hypothalamus

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35
Q

thalamus

A

directs sensory impulses to the cerebrum

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36
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls the autonomic nervous system, body temperature, appetite, water balance, sleep, blood vessel constriction and dilation

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37
Q

the hypothalamus is a role-player in

A

emotions (ex.: anger, fear, pleasure, pain, affection)

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38
Q

cerebellum

A

responsible for coordination of muscle movements, balance and posture, muscle tone

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39
Q

brain stem

A

includes three parts

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40
Q

parts of the brain stem

A

the midbrain, the pons, the medulla oblongata

41
Q

midbrain

A

conducts impulses between the brain parts and for certain eye and auditory reflexes

42
Q

pons

A

directs messages to other parts of the brain and for chewing, saliva production; helps with respiration

43
Q

medulla oblongata

A

connects with the spinal cord; regulates heartbeat, respiration, swallowing, blood pressure

44
Q

spinal cord location

A

starts at the base of the brain stem and extends to the area around the first lumbar vertebrae in the lower back

45
Q

encasement of the spinal cord

A

the vertebral column

46
Q

spinal column/vertebral column

A

consists of 26 bones called vertebrae

47
Q

spinal cord

A

controls many reflex actions; acts as a pathway for messages to and from the brain and the nerves that go to the muscles and glands

48
Q

optic nerve location

A

in the back of the eye

49
Q

optic nerve

A

responsible for transferring visual information from the retina to the vision centers of the brain via electrical impulses

50
Q

the second of several pairs of cranial nerves

A

the optic nerve

51
Q

the make-up of the optic nerve

A

made up of nerve cells; consists of over one million nerve fibers

52
Q

the protector of the brain

A

the skull

53
Q

the protectors of the spinal cord

A

the surrounding vertebrae

54
Q

meninges

A

three layers of tough membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord

55
Q

the three meninges layers

A
  1. the dura mater - the outer layer
  2. arachnoid membrane - the middle layer
  3. pia mater - the innermost layer
56
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

watery liquid that fills the brain’s four ventricles (hollow spaces); acts as a shock absorber

57
Q

functions of the cerebrospinal fluid

A
  1. carries nutrients to some parts of the central nervous system
  2. helps remove metabolic products and wastes
58
Q

movement of cerebrospinal fluid

A

flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord for further protection

59
Q

make-up of the peripheral nervous system

A

includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and their branches and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and their branches

60
Q

some of the cranial nerves

A

process input from special senses, such as sight, hearing, taste, smell

61
Q

other cranial nerves

A

receive general sensations (ex.: touch, pressure, pain, temperature); send out impulses to control muscles

62
Q

spinal nerves

A

carry messages to and from the spinal cord

63
Q

each spinal nerve

A

goes directly to a certain part of the body or forms a network with other spinal nerves to reach a larger segment of the body

64
Q

two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

65
Q

the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

A

usually work together to maintain a balanced state for the body

66
Q

sympathetic system

A

in times of emergency, prepares the body for action with the “fight or flight” response

67
Q

functions of the sympathetic system

A
  1. increases heart rate, respiration, blood pressure

2. slows the rate of digestion

68
Q

parasympathetic system

A

after the stress is over (after the emergency), reverses the actions of the sympathetic system to counteract the effects and return the body to normal working conditions

69
Q

autism/autism spectrum disorder

A

refers to a broad range of conditions characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech, nonverbal communication; a brain disorder

70
Q

cause of autism

A

unknown

71
Q

the nature of autism

A

appears to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors

72
Q

the most common cause of dementia

A

Alzheimer’s disease

73
Q

dementia

A

a general term for memory loss serious enough to interfere with daily life

74
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

occurs when nerve cells in the brain die; a progressive neurodegenerative disease

75
Q

results of Alzheimer’s disease

A

often results in impaired memory, thinking, behavior

76
Q

in advanced stages of Alzheimer’s disease

A

complications from severe loss of brain function and can result in death

77
Q

treatment for Alzheimer’s disease

A

no treatment that cures the disease or alters the disease’s process in the brain

78
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

disease where the proper nerve pulses are not sent to the muscles

79
Q

the result of myasthenia gravis

A

progressive muscle weakness and paralysis occur

80
Q

cause of myasthenia gravis

A

exact cause unknown; thought that it may be related to an autoimmune process

81
Q

cure for myasthenia gravis

A

none

82
Q

treatment for myasthenia gravis

A

involves medication and lifestyle changes to cope with the disease

83
Q

definitions/synonyms of cerebrovascular accident

A
  1. CVA
  2. stroke
  3. “brain attack”
84
Q

cerebrovascular accident

A

occurs when there is a loss of blood flow, and in turn oxygen, to the brain

85
Q

possible causes of cerebrovascular accident

A

a blood vessel bursting or being blocked by a blood clot

86
Q

symptoms of cerebrovascular accident

A

vary depending on the area and the amount of brain tissue damaged

87
Q

common symptoms of cerebrovascular accident

A

include weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty swallowing, visual or speech impairment, mental confusion, loss of consciousness

88
Q

stroke

A

a leading cause of death in the United States

89
Q

controlling risk factors of stroke

A

smoking, heart disease, diabetes (helps to prevent them)

90
Q

treatment within the first three hours of a stroke

A

(ex.: using drugs to break up a clot and restore blood flow) can help to prevent brain damage

91
Q

treatment for any damage

A

(from a stroke) involves therapy to help people recover from or adapt to the losses of mental or physical function

92
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

disease of the central nervous system

93
Q

the result of multiple sclerosis

A

progressive loss of muscle control

94
Q

the myelin sheath in multiple sclerosis

A

slowly destroyed

95
Q

the exact cause of multiple sclerosis

A

unknown; thought that it may be related to a virus or an autoimmune process

96
Q

early symptoms of multiple sclerosis

A

include double vision, tingling and numbness, weakness, fatigue

97
Q

as multiple sclerosis worsens

A

symptoms include tremors, speech impairment, paralysis

98
Q

cure for multiple sclerosis

A

none

99
Q

treatment for multiple sclerosis

A

involves medication and physical therapy to help control the symptoms and maintain functional ability as long as possible

Health Science Anatomy & Physiology (Inlet Grove Community High School) (9 decks)

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