Cardiovascular System Deck Flashcards
functions of the cardiovascular system
- to supply nutrients and oxygen to the body
- to remove metabolic waste and carbon dioxide from cells
- to distribute hormones and antibodies throughout the body
- to help control body temperature and electrolyte balance
pericardium
a double membrane (sac) that covers the outside of the heart; contains a lubricating fluid that reduces friction as the heart beats in order to prevent tissue damage
myocardium
the middle layer (of the heart); the thickest layer (of the heart); made of muscle tissue; pumps blood through the (cardiovascular) system
endocardium
smooth layer of cells that lines the inside of the heart and the blood vessels; allows for blood to flow smoothly through the system
the chambers of the heart
- atria (the two chambers atop)
2. septum (the two at the bottom)
septum
a thick, muscular wall that separates the left side from the right side of the heart
function of valves
to keep the blood flowing in only one direction
the two atrioventricular valves
the tricuspid and bicuspid valves
location of the atrioventricular valves
between the atria and the ventricles on each side of the heart (right side: tricuspid valve, left side: bicuspid valve)
the two semilunar valves
the pulmonary and aortic valves
location of the semilunar valves
between the ventricles and the vessels where blood leaves the heart
the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation
pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood between the heart and lungs, while systemic circulation is the flow of blood between the heart and the cells of the body
the structures in order that blood flows through ending with the aortic valve
- right atrium
- tricuspid valve
- right ventricle
- pulmonary valve
- left atrium
- bicuspid (mitral) valve
- left ventricle
- aortic valve
- aorta - which sends the blood to all parts of the body
main artery in the body
aorta
two main veins
the superior and inferior vena cavas
liters of blood circulating through the average body
about 4 to 5 liters of blood
liquid part of blood
plasma
solid part of blood
formed elements
the formed elements
red blood cells, white blood cell,s platelets
function of red blood cells
to contain a protein called hemoglobin
lifespan of red blood cells
90 to 120 days
location of the removal of red blood cells
the liver and spleen
hemoglobin
protein; carries oxygen to all cells and removes carbon dioxide
function of white blood cells
to fight disease and infection
lifespan of white blood cells
about 9 days
function of platelets
to help form clots to prevent blood loss from a wound
lifespan of platelets
about 5 to 9 days
55% of whole blood
plasma
90% water
blood
other 10% of plasma
proteins
four blood types
A, B, AB, O
Rh factor
a type of substance that causes the body to produce antibodies
universal donor
type O-, has no substances that will cause antibodies to be produced
universal recipient
type AB+, can safely receive any blood type
congestive heart failure
occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to supply the needs of the body
symptoms of congestive heart failure
swelling, shortness of breath, fatigue, low blood pressure, rapid pulse
treatment for congestive heart failure
involves medication for the heart and to remove excess body fluids, elastic support base, oxygen therapy; rest and lifestyle changes also needed to relieve symptoms
hypertension
high blood pressure
“silent killer”
(hypertension) may not show any symptoms
risk factors of hypertension
family history, race, obesity, smoking, stress, age, a diet high in saturated fat
hypertension cure
none
left untreated (hypertension)
can lead to permanent damage to the heart, blood vessels, kidneys
treatments for hypertension
involves medication to control the blood pressure and to remove excess body fluids, reducing stress, avoiding tobacco, improving diet, exercise
anemia
occurs when red blood cells do not supply enough oxygen to the body tissues
causes of anemia
a low amount of red blood cells or from a low amount of hemoglobin in the blood cells, or both
several types of anemia…
with different causes
symptoms of any type of anemia
fatigue, shortness of breath, paleness, rapid heart rate
treatment of anemia
varies depending on the type of anemia, may involve dietary supplements (iron or vitamin B12), blood transfusions, or in severe cases, bone marrow transplant
leukemia
an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells
symptoms of leukemia
fatigue, anemia, bleeding gums, excessive bruising
threat to life from leukemia
can be life-threatening
treatments for leukemia
radiation, chemotherapy, or bone marrow transplant
patient of leukemia
may be isolated to protect again infection
sickle cell disease
occurs when the body produces abnormal red blood cells in the shape of a crescent
complications of sickle cell disease
the cells can not pass smoothly through the blood vessels, resulting in clogging and brain damage
possible treatments of sickle cell disease
blood transfusions, supplemental oxygen, bone marrow transplant
cardiac arrest
a sudden loss of blood flow resulting from the failure of the heart to effectively pump
atrial fibrilation
(aka AFib) a quivering or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)