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medical terminology > nervous system ch12 > Flashcards

nervous system ch12 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

axon

A

fiber carries impulses along the nerve cell

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2
Q

cell body

A

contains nucleus, -soma, maintains life of neuron

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3
Q

ganglion

A

collection of nerve cell bodies

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4
Q

dendrites

A

branching structures that receive impulses or stimulus, first part

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5
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty tissue around axon, protects and insulates axon

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6
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps

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7
Q

synapse

A

space between neurons impulse passes, neurotransmitter

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8
Q

terminal end fibers

A

distal portion of neuron impulse leaves

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9
Q

acetylcholine

A

dream sleep and muscles to contract

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10
Q

dopamine

A

firing of nerve cells helps relax

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11
Q

endorphins

A

reducing pain for pleasure natural morphine

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12
Q

epinephrine

A

hormone acts as a neurotransmitter to increase heart rate and blood pressure

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13
Q

norepinephrine

A

causes vasoconstriction, increase heart rate and BP, noradrenaline

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14
Q

serotonin

A

relaxation, stress and behavioral disorders when decreased

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15
Q

astroglial cells

A

astrocytes, transport electrolytes and water between capillaries and neurons help form BBB

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16
Q

microglial cells

A

phagocytic cells which protect nervous system from infection

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17
Q

oligodendroglial cells

A

cells form the myelin around axon

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18
Q

ependymal cells

A

cells lines ventricles of the brain and surround the spinal cord, produce cerebrospinal fluid

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19
Q

schwann cells

A

dual action cells form myelin and acts as phagocytes against foreign organisms

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20
Q

neuron

A

individual nerve cell, basic unit

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21
Q

nerve

A

one or more bundles of impulse carrying fiber

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22
Q

plexus

A

network of nerves

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23
Q

function of nervous system

A

carries messages in the body, controls and coordinates activity, voluntary and involuntary

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24
Q

types

A

sensory, associative, motor

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25
Q

sensory

A

afferent

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26
Q

associative

A

connecting

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27
Q

motor

A

efferent

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28
Q

receptors

A

parts of NS receive external stimuli

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29
Q

nonreceptive

A

pain receptors

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30
Q

proproreceptor

A

special orientation receptors

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31
Q

stimulus

A

something that excites or activates

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32
Q

reflex

A

automatic involuntary response to a stimulus

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33
Q

neuroglial cells

A

supporting

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34
Q

myelinated

A

white matter

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35
Q

meninx, meninges

A

3 layers covering of brain and spinal cord, protects and nourishes

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36
Q

cerebral spinal fluid

A

CSF nourishes, cools, cushions CNS produced by ventricles of brain

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37
Q

dura mater

A

tough outermost layer of meninges, blood can enter brain through this layer

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38
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

middle layer of meninges, arachnoid mater

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39
Q

pia mater

A

innermost delicate layer of meninges adheres to brain and spinal cord, soft

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40
Q

epidural space

A

space above the dura matter

41
Q

subdural space

A

space below the dura mater

42
Q

subarachnoid space

A

space below the subarachnoid membrane where cerebrospinal fluid can be found

43
Q

central nervous system

A

CNS brain and spinal cord

44
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

PNS, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, autonomic nervous system

45
Q

cranial nerves

A

attached to brain pass through skull to structures in the head and neck

46
Q

spinal nerves

A

carry nervous impulses between spinal cord and the rest of the body

47
Q

I. olfactory

A

smell

48
Q

II. optic

A

vision

49
Q

III. oculomotor

A

movement of eyes

50
Q

IV. trochlear

A

movement of eyes

51
Q

V. trigeminal

A

three branches: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

52
Q

VI. abducens

A

movement of eyes

53
Q

VII. facial

A

movement of face, taste

54
Q

VIII. vestibulocochlear

A

hearing and balance

55
Q

IX. glossopharyngeal

A

tongue taste throat movement

56
Q

X. vagus

A

throat voice box chest movement abdominal sensations

57
Q

XI. accessory

A

neck and shoulder movement also know ans spinal accessory nerve

58
Q

XII. hypoglossal

A

tongue movement

59
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

ANS nerves that control involuntary functions of muscles glands and viscera

60
Q

blood brain barrier

A

BBB, capillaries that allow certain substances to the brain while keeping other substances out

61
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outermost section of cerebrum

62
Q

cerebrum

A

larges part of the brain responsible for voluntary , speech, vision, hearing, thought, memory, taste

63
Q

cerebellum

A

second largest part of the brain, balance and coordination

64
Q

conscious

A

awake alert aware responsive

65
Q

medulla oblongata

A

stem like of the brain-stem connecting brain to spinal cord essential life function, breathing heart and BP

66
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger released from a neuron to stimulate or inhibit another nerve or target cell

67
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

portion of autonomic nervous system normal body functions, HR and RR

68
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

portion of nervous system consisting of cranial nerves, spinal nerves and autonomic nervous system

69
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

spaces in the interbrain contains CSF

70
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of brain

71
Q

gyri

A

folds

72
Q

sulei

A

groove

73
Q

brainstem

A

connects brain to spinal cord

74
Q

midbrain

A

visual and auditory reflexes posture muscle control

75
Q

interbrain

A

pituitary hypothalamus thalamus

76
Q

pons

A

bridge allows nerve from cerebrum to talk to cerebellum

77
Q

cauda equina

A

looks like a horse tail

78
Q

levels of consciousness

A

BAR, conscious, disoriented, lethargy, obtunded, stupor comatose

79
Q

catalepsy

A

muscle rigidity and trance like state

80
Q

aneurysm

A

localized widening of a blood vessel

81
Q

ataxia

A

lack of coordination

82
Q

concussion

A

violent shaking of the brain

83
Q

contusion

A

a bruise without breaking the skin

84
Q

computed tomography

A

CT, cat scan, radiographic imaging showing computerized cross section of brain and spinal cord

85
Q

contraindication

A

any condition that renders a particular treatment undesireable

86
Q

epilepsy

A

idiopathic brain disorder, seizures

87
Q

lethargy

A

condition of drowsiness or indifference

88
Q

magnetic resonance image

A

MRI, radiographic imaging showing 3D image of brain

89
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of skeletal muscles

90
Q

narcolepsy

A

condition of sudden uncontrollable sleep episodes

91
Q

paralysis

A

loss of motor functions, palsy

92
Q

positron emission tomography

A

PET, radiographic imaging, injection of dye

93
Q

seizure

A

sudden involuntary contractions of voluntary muscles, also called convulsions, grand mal or tonic clonic

94
Q

spasticity

A

increased muscle tone

95
Q

stupor

A

partial unconsciousness and decreased response to stimuli

96
Q

syncope

A

fainting

97
Q

tremor

A

repetitive twitching of skeletal muscles

98
Q

vestibular disease

A

idiopathic neurological disorder characterized by head tilt, circling and rapid back and forth movement of eyes

medical terminology (20 decks)

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