Nervous System Flashcards

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0
Q

Why myelin sheath?

A

To prevent signal loss and to speed up signals

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1
Q

Name of cell body in nervous system

A

Soma

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2
Q

What produces myelin?

A

Oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the periphery

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3
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

-70, the inside is more negative

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4
Q

Which ion is in a high concentration inside the neuron

A

[K+]

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5
Q

What restores the potential after action potential

A

Na+, K+ ATPase

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6
Q

What is the ratio of Na K movement when restoring gradient

A

Three Na+ out for every 2 K+ in

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7
Q

Inhibitory inputs cause

A

Hyper polarization because it makes the cell more negative

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8
Q

Threshold value

A

-55 to -40 will make an action potential go

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9
Q

What is the first step of depolarization

A

Na+ channels open and follow a strong electric and chemical gradient for sodium to move into the cell. This causes the cell potential to become positive.

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10
Q

At what point do the sodium channels close after depolarization

A

+35

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11
Q

What is the trigger for potassium gates channels to open

A

Positive potential caused by opened Ca channels

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12
Q

When do potassium channels close after depolarization

A

Once membrane potential is restored, although sometimes it is overshot resulting in hyper polarization

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13
Q

The movement down an axon terminal is called

A

Pulse propagation

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14
Q

The longer the axon, the ____ the resistance and the ___ the conduction

A

Higher, slower

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15
Q

Is the entire membrane permeable?

A

No only at nodes of ranvier, causing skipping

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16
Q

What is the skipping down the membrane called

A

Saltatory conduction

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17
Q

How are neurotransmitters broken down in the synaptic cleft?

A

Some are broken down by enzymatic reactions some use reputable carriers to be recycled back into the presynaptic neuron

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18
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Neurons that carry information from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord.

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19
Q

Efferent neuron

A

Carry info from the spinal cord or brain to the body

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20
Q

Interneurons

A

Only involved in local circuits

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21
Q

Neural cell bodies that cluster in the peripheral nervous system

A

Ganglia

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22
Q

Neural cell bodies that cluster in the central nervous system

A

Nuclei

23
Q

Components of the central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

24
Q

White matter

A

Unmyelinated axons

25
Q

Components of the forebrain

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

26
Q

Gray matter

A

Unmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites

27
Q

Components of telencephalon

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes

28
Q

Function of cerebral cortex

A

Gray matter for highest level functioning including creative thought and future planning. Integrates thought and controls movement.

29
Q

How to hemispheres communicate

A

Corpus callosum

30
Q

Components of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

31
Q

Function of the thalamus

A

Gateway for all sensory information

32
Q

Function of hindbrain

A

Many involuntary functions

33
Q

Components of the hindbrain

A

Cerebellum, pond, and medulla which make up brain stem

34
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

Quality control agent. Checks that the motor signal sent from the cortex is in agreement with the sensory information from the body

35
Q

The most highly conserved part of the brain

A

Medulla

36
Q

Function of medulla

A

Ventilation rate, heart rate, gastrointestinal tone

37
Q

Why do people stumble when drink

A

It has massive effects on cerebellum

38
Q

Four regions of the spinal cord

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral

39
Q

Monosynaptic reflex arc

A

Single synapse.

40
Q

Polysynaptic reflex arc

A

At least one interneuron between the sensory and motor neuron.

41
Q

Major difference between SNS and ANS

A

ANS is a two neuron system. The first is preganglionic and the second is postganglionic

42
Q

What do the neurons use in the sympathetic nervous system

A

Preganglionic uses acetylcholine and postganglionic uses norepinephrine

43
Q

What neurotransmitters does the parasympathetic nervous system use

A

Acetylcholine, the vagus nerve is also responsible for many thoracic and abdominal effects.

44
Q

How is pain detected

A

Nociceptors

45
Q

How is the eye supplied with nutrients and oxygen

A

Choroid

46
Q

What adjusts the thickness of the lens

A

Ciliary muscles

47
Q

What are the two eye photoreceptors and what do they detect

A

Rods - transmission of black an white images and low intensity illumination. Only pigment is rhodopsin

Cones - color images

48
Q

After excitation with light how to photoreceptors relay signals

A

Send signal to bipolar cells which send info to retinal ganglion cells which bundle to form optic nerve

49
Q

Function of the outer ear

A

Collects waves and channels them to the tympanic membrane

50
Q

Three components of the middle ear

A

Malleus, incus, and stapes

51
Q

Function of midear

A

The midear vibrates and sends sounds to the cochlea and semicircular canals

52
Q

Function of hair cells in inner ear

A

They are depolarized and send an electric signal to the auditory nerve of the brain

53
Q

Which part is a key for balance

A

Semicircular canals filled with endolymph

54
Q

Where do sensory neurons synapse

A

Dorsal spinal cord

55
Q

Where do motor neurons synapse

A

Ventral spinal cord

56
Q

Which structure in the ear transducers pressure wars to action potentials

A

Organ of corti