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Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

Prolactin

A

From anterior pituitary, stimulates milk production and secretion

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1
Q

GH

A

From anterior pituitary, stimulates bone and muscle growth

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2
Q

ACTH

A

From anterior pituitary, stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids

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3
Q

TSH

A

From anterior pituitary, stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

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4
Q

LH

A

From anterior pituitary, stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone synthesis in males

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5
Q

FSH

A

From anterior pituitary, stimulates follicle maturation in females and spermatogenesis in males

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6
Q

Oxytocin

A

Synthesized in hypothalamus, secreted by posterior pituitary. Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk secretion during lactation

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7
Q

ADH vasopressin

A

Synthesized in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary, stimulates ware absorption in the kidneys

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8
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

From thyroid, stimulates metabolic activity

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9
Q

Calcitonin

A

From thyroid, decreases the blood calcium level

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10
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

From parathyroid, increases the blood calcium levels

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11
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

From adrenal cortex, increases blood glucose level and decrease protein synthesis

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12
Q

Mineralcorticoids

A

From adrenal cortex, increase water absorption in the kidneys

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13
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Adrenal medulla, increas blood glucose level and heart rate

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14
Q

Glucagon

A

Pancreas, stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, increases blood glucose

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15
Q

Insulin

A

Pancreas, stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, increases blood glucose

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16
Q

Somatostatin

A

Pancreas, suppresses secretion of glucagon and insulin

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17
Q

Testosterone

A

Testis, maintains male secondary sex characteristics

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18
Q

Progesterone

A

Ovary/placenta, promotes growth and maintenance of endometrium

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19
Q

Estrogen

A

Ovary placenta , maintains female secondary sex charactaristics

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20
Q

Melatonin

A

Pineal, unclear in humans

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21
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Kidney, stimulates bone marrow to increase production of erythrocytes.

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22
Q

Atrial natriuretic hormone

A

Heart, involved in osmoregulation

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23
Q

Thymosin

A

Thymus, stimulates T lymphocytes development

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24
Q

Autocrine

A

A cell stimulates itself

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25
Q

Endocrine glands in the brain

A

Pineal body, hypothalamus, pituitary gland.

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26
Q

Endocrine glands in the body

A

Parathyroid, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and ovaries

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27
Q

Hypothalamus controls the ____

A

Pituitary

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28
Q

Hypothalamic control pituitary is via ____ signaling

A

Paracrine hormones into the hypophyseal portal system (hypophysis is a name for the pituitary)

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29
Q

Posterior pituitary releases

A

Oxytocin, ADH

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30
Q

Anterior pituitary releases

A

GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, and prolactin

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31
Q

Pathway of releasing glucocorticoids

A
  1. Hypothalamus releases CRH
  2. Flows to anterior pituitary
  3. ACTH is released
  4. ACTH stimulates adrenal glands to secrete glucocorticoids
  5. In extreme situations the hypothalamus also secretes vasopressin to further activate adrenals.
  6. Negative feedback mechanism
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32
Q

Mnemonic to remember seven hormones of the anterior pituitary

A 
FLAT PEG
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
PROLACTIN
ENDORPHINS
GH
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33
Q

GnRH from hypothalamus releases ____ from anterior pituitary

A

FSH and LH

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34
Q

When the hypothalamus secretes PIF (prolactin inhibitory factor)

A

The anterior pituitary does not release prolactin

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35
Q

CRF from the hypothalamus

A

Stimulates ACTH from the anterior pituitary

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36
Q

Tumor in the pituitary often causes

A

Compression of the portal system from hypothalamus. Excessive prolactin

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37
Q

The hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary via

A

Nerves

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38
Q

Hormones from the anterior pituitary that are trophic proteins and act by

A

Binding to the membrane and starting a cascade of secondary messengers

39
Q

Excess of GH causes _____. Lack of GH causes _____.

A

Gigantism, dwarfism

40
Q

Adults with excess GH have

A

Increased growth in small bones without epiphyseal plates

41
Q

Direct hormones from anterior pituitary

A

GH, prolactin and endorphins

42
Q

Lack of iodine results in improper ability for the ____ to function

43
Q

Increased amounts of T3 and T4 will result in

A

Increased levels of cellular respiration

44
Q

Hyper means ____

Hypo means _____

45
Q

Four important functions of calcium

A
  1. Principal component of bone
  2. Regulator of muscle contraction
  3. Cofactor for normal blood clotting
  4. Neurotransmitter release
46
Q

The thyroid produces what hormones

A

T3, T4, and calcitonin

47
Q

Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels in three ways:

A
  1. Increased excretion from kidneys
  2. Decreased absorption from the gut
  3. Increased storage in the bone
48
Q

Two hormones that are antagonistic in terms of calcium levels

A

Calcitonin and PTH

49
Q

Adrenals are located

A

On top of the kidneys

50
Q

Adrenal cortex releases

A

Corticosteroids ( glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and cortical sex hormones) after stimulation by ACTH from anterior pituitary after stimulation from CRF from hypothalamus

51
Q

Name two glucocorticoids

A

Cortisol and cortisone

52
Q

Cortisol and cortisone increase

A

Increase gluconeogenesis and decrease protein synthesis. Also decrease inflammation and immunological responses

53
Q

Example of a mineralcorticoid

A

Aldosterone

54
Q

Pathway of aldosterone release

A

Decreased blood volume causes kidney to release renin which activates angiotensin which stimates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

55
Q

Two functions of angiotensin

A
  1. Increase blood pressure by vasodilation via ACE

2. Stimulate adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

56
Q

Adrenal medulla produces

A

Ephinephrine and norepinephrine. These are peptide hormones called catecholamines.

57
Q

Exocrine functions of pancreas

A

Secretes amylase, lipase, and trypsin (protein) into the duodenum

58
Q

Three regions of the islets of Langerhans

A

Alpha beta and delta

59
Q

Part of pancreas that secretes endocrine hormones

A

Islets of Langerhans

60
Q

Alpha cells in pancreas secretes

61
Q

Beta cells in pancreas secrete

62
Q

Delta cells in pancreas secrete

A

Somatostatin

63
Q

Glucagon is released during

A

Times of famine

64
Q

Glucose in the urine is a sign of

A

Diabetes or hyperglycemia

65
Q

Type 1 diabetes is caused by

A

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells

66
Q

Four hormones that can increase blood glucose

A

Glucagon, GH, glucocorticoids, an epinephrine

67
Q

Somatostatin causes

A

Inhibition of insulin and glucagon

68
Q

FSH in men causes

A

Stimulation of Sertoli cells necessary for sperm maturation

69
Q

LH in men causes

A

Interstitial cells to produce testosterone

70
Q

Ovaries produce which two hormones

A

Estrogens and progesterone

71
Q

Estrogen (released by what and responsible for what)

A

High levels of FSH and LH. Responsible for secondary sex characteristics, thickening of endometrium, development of reproductive tract in embryo

72
Q

Two places estrogens are released by

A

Ovarian follicles and corpus luteum

73
Q

Progesterone in women is stimulated by

A

Increased LH stimulation

74
Q

Three places progesterone is released by

A

Ovaries and corpus luteum (and eventually placenta when corpus luteum disintegrates)

75
Q

Progesterone in women is responsible for

A

Maintenance of endometrium

76
Q

Four phases of menstrual cycle

A
  1. Follicular
  2. Ovulation
  3. Luteal
  4. Menstration
77
Q

Follicular phase

A

Flow stops. Increased GnRH cause higher levels of FSH and LH. Several ovarian follicles are developed. Follicles secrete estrogen, FSH and LH stop. Estrogen regrows endometrial lining

78
Q

Ovulation is triggered by

A

LH surge at mid cycle caused by high levels of estrogen

79
Q

The pill works by

A

Giving estrogen and progesterone which inhibits LH and FSH release inhibiting ovulation

80
Q

The corpus luteum is formed when

A

After ovulation, LH causes the ruptured follicle to form corpus luteum

81
Q

Purpose of corpus luteum

A

Secretes progesterone to maintain uterine lining. Progesterone levels rise (estrogen levels are already high). This inhibits LH and FSH

82
Q

Without hCG to stimulate the corpus luteum

A

Progesterone levels decline an uterine lining is diminished

83
Q

HCG is secreted by

A

Blastocyst and the developing placenta

84
Q

HCG levels ____ after the first trimester but estrogen and progesterone _____ because ______

A

Drop, rise because the placenta starts secreting it

85
Q

FSH peaks during

86
Q

FSH and LH levels are usually _____ in postmenupausal women because _____

A

Increased because the feedback mechanism no longer exists

87
Q

The pineal gland releases

A

Melatonin for sleep

88
Q

Erythropoietin is released by the ____ in response to

A

Kidney, low oxygen levels in the blood. Patients with chronic kidney disease can become anemic because of improper red blood cell production

89
Q

Protein hormones work by

A

Binding to receptors causing a secondary messenger cascade catalyzed by adenylate Cyclades.

90
Q

Actions of cAMP are terminated by

A

Phosphodieterase

91
Q

Do protein or peptide hormones work for a longer period of time

92
Q

All steroid hormones are derived from

A

Cholesterol

93
Q

Steroid hormones act at the level of

A

DNA transcription

94
Q

Three amino acid derivative hormones

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine and thyroxine

95
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Glucocorticoids mineralcorticoids and androgens

96
Q

Thymus gland

A

Plays a part in T lymphocyte development and differentiation. Thymus is gone by adulthood

Biology (16 decks)

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