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Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Four ways evolution can occur

A
  1. Natural selection
  2. Mutation
  3. Genetic Drift
  4. Genetic Shift
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2
Q

Lamarck’s Inheritance of Aquired Charactaristics Theory

A

Eventually disproven. The concept of use and disuse. Organs that were used would develop, others would atrophy. Changes were called acquired charactaristics.

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3
Q

Origin of the Species three main tenets

A
  1. Organisms produce many offspring but few survive to maturity
  2. Chance variations are inheritable
  3. Individuals with more favorable traits are more likley to survive and produce offspring (natural selection). Fitness is the reproductive sucess of an individual.
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4
Q

Natural selection is a ___ for evolution

A

Mechanism

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5
Q

Natural selection is equivalent to

A

Survival of the fittest

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6
Q

Currently accepted theory is called

A

neo-Darwinism or modern synthesis

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7
Q

When mutation or recombination results in a change that is favorable to an organisms survival, that change is more likely to pass on to the next generation. This is called _____.

A

Differential Reproduction

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8
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

The idea that evolutionary changes occur in massive bursts and not in small incriments.

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9
Q

How did palentology contribute to evolution

A

Using audioradiography, scientists were able to find a fossil’s age, finding the chronological sucession of species.

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10
Q

Divergence

A

When the same species in two different locations evolves separately.

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11
Q

Homologous structures

A

Similar in structure and share a common evolutionary origin, even if they don’t look the same.

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12
Q

Analogous structures

A

Share a common purpose but evolved separately.

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13
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

Remnants of organs that have lost their ancestral function.

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14
Q

How did molecular biology contribute to evolution

A

By looking at DNA sequence, scientists can predict the dgree of similarity between two organs.

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15
Q

Gene frequency

A

How often an allele apprears in a population

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16
Q

How to calculate gene frequency

A

Number of people with allele A/Total number of alleles possible

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17
Q

Five requirements of the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

A
  1. Large population
  2. No mutations
  3. Mating is random
  4. No net migration
  5. The genes in the population are all equally good at reproducing
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18
Q

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

What does each term mean

A

p2 = frequency of TT

2pq = frequency of Tt

q2 = frequency of tt

You can use these in a type of punnet square to find the percent of each gene type.

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19
Q

Remember that there are ____ as many genes in the population as there are people

A

Twice

20
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Changes in the composition of the gene pool due to chance. Can result when a small population is isolated, natural events.

21
Q

Gene Flow

A

Migration of individuals between populations

22
Q

Directional Stabilization

A

Pushes the average one way

23
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Moves the average into two peaks

24
Q

Two inherent exceptions to the survival of the fittest

A

Altruistic behavior, kin selection

25
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

The number of alleles that an individual passes on to the next generation, even if only indirectly through altruistic behavior.

26
Q

Speciation

A

emergence of a new species.

27
Q

If you take two species and separate them for long enough, _____ will occur

A

reproductive isolation

28
Q

Prezygotic mechanism of reproductive isolation

A

prevent formation of zygote completely

29
Q

Postzygotic mechanism of reproductive isolation

A

allow for gamete fusion but produce infertile offspring

30
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

Two species may breed during different seasons or times of day preventing interbreeding

31
Q

Ecological Isolation

A

Two species living in the same territory but in different habitats. They rarely meet and thus rarely mate.

32
Q

Behavioral Isolation

A

Members of two species are not sexually attracted to eachother because of differences in pheremones or courtship displays.

33
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

The genetalia are incompadible

34
Q

Gametic Isolation

A

Intercourse can occur but ferilization cannot.

35
Q

Hybrid Inviability

A

Genetic incompatibilies between two species abort hybrid zygote development, even if species does not occur.

36
Q

Hybrid Sterility

A

Offspring are sterile

37
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

First generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but second generation are not.

38
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

When a single ancestral species gives rise to a number of different species

39
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Independant development of similar charactaristics

40
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

Independant development of dissimilar charactaristics. They did begin together at some point.

41
Q

Parallel Evolution

A

Refers to the process whereby related species evolve in similar ways for a long period of time in responce to analagous environmental selection pressures.

42
Q

Primordial Soup

A

The very early planet consisted of high amounts of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen, less oxygen. With massive amounts of energy bonds formed.

43
Q

Protobionists

A

The collection of organic polymers that are believed to have been the primitive ancestors of living cells. Abiotically produced polymers were found to assemble into small living things.

44
Q

What was the first genetic material

A

RNA. Evolution probably favored RNA sequences whose three dimentional conformations were more stable and could replicate faster. Evolutionary trends then led to the eventual establishment of DNA.

45
Q

Microspheres are charactarized by (3 things)

A
  1. They are composed of tiny, abiotically produced proteinaceous droplets
  2. They have a selectively permeable membrane
  3. They have an internal chemical environment disticnct from that of their surroundings.
46
Q
A

Biology (16 decks)

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