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Anatomy > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

The anterior neuropore closure occurs at …….

A

lamina terminalis

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2
Q

Sulcus limitans is …….

A

a groove that separates the alar plate (dorsal, sensory) from the basal plate (ventral, motor)
* Extends from the spinal cord into the brain stem

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3
Q

Schwann cells surround ……

A

all axons in the PNS (neurilemma)

  • Myelination is formed when Schwann cells wraps many times around an axon
  • Myelination begins in the fourth month
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4
Q

What is the difference in myelination between the PNS & CNS?

A
  • In the PNS, many Schwann cells wrap around a single axon, separated by Ranvier nodes
  • In the CNS, one oligodendrocyte myelinate more the 50 axons
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5
Q

Nissl bodies are ……

A

deeply stain RER in neurons

* Can’t be found in axons

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6
Q

Synaptic boutons are ……

A

the ending of the axons, containing synaptic vesicles full of neurotransmitter

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7
Q

Define:

  1. Unipolar neurons
  2. Pseudounipolar neurons
  3. Bipolar neurons
  4. Multipolar neurons
A
  1. One axon, no dendrite. Early in life
  2. One process, divides into peripheral & central (i.e DRG)
  3. One axon, one dendrite (retina, olfactory, cochlear, vestibular)
  4. One axon, many dendrites (ventral horn neurons in spinal cord. Most abundant)
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8
Q

Satellite cells are …….

A

similar to Schwann cells. Found in ganglia

  • Ganglia are covered by dense C.T (Epi., peri., endoneurium)
  • Endoneurium is made of reticular fibers
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9
Q

Nuclei are ……

A

collection of neurons in CNS of the same function

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10
Q

Neurotransmitter is released from the axon via ….

A

Ca dependent process of exocytosis

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11
Q

Nerve fibers in the CNS is called ……, while in the peripheral system they are called ……

A

tracts

peripheral nerves

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12
Q

Efferents conduct ………, while the afferents ……

A

away from CNS

towards the CNS

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13
Q

Astrocytes function is ……..

A

maintenance of BBB, metabolic & structural support

* It is a part of the neuroglia

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14
Q

Microglia are ……

A

phagocytic cells, have short processes covered with spines

* Origin is the mesoderm, unlike the neuroectoderm

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15
Q

What are the layers of the eye?

A
  1. outer Corneoscleral coat
  2. middle uvea (to which the lens is attached, separating the aqueous humor from the viterous body)
  3. retina
    * Viterous body is 99% water
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16
Q

The cornea is continuous with the sclera at ….

A

the limbus

17
Q

What are the layers of the cornea?

A
  1. epithelium
  2. Bowman’s layer
  3. stroma
  4. decemet membrane
  5. endothelium
18
Q

At the limbus, the decemet membrane becomes …..

A 
trabecular meshwork (canal of Schlemm, which drain into the venous system)
* Obstruction of this canal causes increase intra ocular pressure (glaucoma)
19
Q

The uvea consists of ……

A

the choroid, the ciliary body and the iris

  • all pigmented. The choroid is highly vascular
  • Choroid is black. Non pigmented iris is blue
20
Q

Aqueous humor is formed by ….

A

the ciliary body

21
Q

The iris has two muscles, …… & ……

A

sphincter pupillae & radial dilator

22
Q

Cataracts are formed by …….

A

accumulation of pigments in the clear lens

* caused by DM or UV radiation

23
Q

The fovea is ……

A

the area of the greatest visual acuity

24
Q

The external ear includes ……..

A

the pinna, external auditory meatus, and the tympanic membrane

25
Q

The malleus, incus & stapes are attached to the ……..

A

oval window

26
Q

Inner ear is two parts, …. & ……

A

osseous labyrinth (inside the petrous of the temporal bone) & membranous labyrinth (enclosed within the osseous part, and surrounded by perilymph)

27
Q

The osseous labyrinth of the ear is three parts, ……

A

cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals

* It is filled with perilymph (similar to CSF)

28
Q

The membranous labyrinth is filled with ……

It is three parts, …..

A

endolymph (high K, low Na, similar to intracellular fluid)

  1. semicircular ducts
  2. saccule & utricle (vestibule)
  3. cochlear duct (scala media) in cochlear portion)
29
Q

The semicircular canals open at …….

A

the utericle

30
Q

The center of the cochlea is called …….

A 
the modiolus (nerves, spiral ganglion & BV leave through here)
* Note: the cochlea is about 35 mm long
31
Q

The spiral ganglion is formed by ……..

A

bipolar neurons

32
Q

The utricle is located at ……., while the saccule is at …….

A

superior posterior portion, near the opening of the semicircular canals

  • at the opening of the scala vestibuli
  • The utricle is bigger than the saccule
33
Q

The spiral limbus is ………

A

an area of loose C.T, covered by epi.

  • Tectorial membrane extends from the limbus, and touches the hair cells
  • There is a layer of inner hair cells, & three rows of outer hair cells
34
Q

CN I & II are considered part of …….

A

CNS

35
Q

The somatic nervous system is part of ……

A

the PNS

Anatomy (10 decks)

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