Nervous system 2 Flashcards
CSF is produced by …….
choroid plexus of the ventricles
CSF if found between …. & ……
pia mater & arachnoid mater
Unlike the pia mater, arachnoid mater ….. sulci
passes over
Dura mater is two layers, …. & …..
Dural folds are ……
meningeal & periosteal folds of dura that extend into the septa 1. Falx cerebri 2. Falx cerebelli 3. Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebri & tentorium cerebelli separates the cranial cavity into ……….
two lateral chambers housing the cerebral hemispheres, and posterior chamber for the cerebellum & brainstem
Sella turcica is covered by …….
diaphragm sellae
* In the sphenoid bone
Venous sinuses are formed ……
between meningeal & periosteal layers of the dura mater
* Drain into the IJV
Emissary veins connect …….
the venous sinuses & the extracranial veins
Diploic veins are ….
veins between outer & inner tables of the skull. Connected to the emissary veins
The lateral ventricles are separated from each other by ……, and are connected to the third ventricle by ……..
septum pellucidum
foramen of Monro
The third ventricle is located in ……, and is connected to the fourth by …….
midline (diencephalon)
Sylvian duct (which passes through the midbrain)
* Blockage of Sylvian leads to hydrocephalus
The fourth ventricle is located between ……, and is connected to the SAS via …….
ventral of cerebellum, superior to the medulla, and dorsal to the pons
- Two lateral foramen “Luschka” & one medial “Magendie”
- The fourth is continuous with the canal of the medulla & spinal cord (they lack CSF)
The BBB is formed by ……..
The blood CSF barrier is formed by …..
capillary endothelium connected by tight junctions
* tight junctions along the choroid cells
In adults, the spinal cord ends at …….
L1 or L2
* Lumbar punctures are done at level of L4
Filum terminale is …….
a derivative of pia mater, extended below conus medullaris
- Covered by dura mater at S2
- At the coccyx, it is called the coccygeal ligament
- Surrounded by cauda equina (roots of lumbar & sacral nerves)
L1 - S2 is called …… which forms ….. & innervates ….
lumbar enlargement
sacral plexus
legs
In humans, there are …… vertebra, while there are …….. spinal nerves
33
7, 12, 5, 5, 4
* There 31 nerves (8, 12, 5, 5, 1)
* Coccygeal & S5 nerves are unimportant
The gray matter contains …….
cell bodies & neuropil
The cell bodies of the general visceral efferent in the spinal cord are located at ……..
intermediolateral nucleus of the lateral horn (for pregan. sympathetic nervesو T1 - L2), and in lamina VII for pregan. parasympathetic nerves
Lamina IX is located at …… & contains …..
anterior horn
neurons for the general somatic efferent (alpha & gamma)
Afferent pathway of the spinal cord arises from ….
the DRG
* for both general visceral & & somatic
Renshaw cells are …….
interneurons that receives an afferent (collateral) like the one to the alpha neuron.
- Causes inhibition of the alpha neuron and activate the antagonist muscle
- Targeted by C. tetani antitoxin