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Anatomy > Misc 2 > Flashcards

Misc 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The veins of the brain has no …….

A

valves

* Located in the SAS

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2
Q

Arachnoid granulations are found in ………

A

superior sagittal sinus

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3
Q

The function of the arachnoid granulation is to …….

A

allow the CSF to exit the SAS & enter the blood stream

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4
Q

The cavernous sinus drains into …….

A
  1. transverse sinus though the sup. petrosal sinus
  2. IJV through the inf. petrosal sinus
  3. pterygoid plexus
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5
Q

Wolffian duct is …….. & gives rise to ……..

A

the mesonephric duct

ureteric bud, epididymis, vas deferens & ejaculatory duct

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6
Q

The cloaca is divided by ……. into ……. & ……

A

urorectal septum

anorectal canal & urogenital sinus

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7
Q

The upper 2/3 of the female urethra is formed by ……, the rest is from ….

A

mesonephric duct

urogenital sinus

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8
Q

The uriniferous tubule comprises ….. & ……

A

nephron & collecting tubule

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9
Q

Bowman’s capsule is composed of …….

A

two layers, outer & inner, with a urinary space in between (continuous with renal tubule)

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10
Q

The longest part of the tubule is ……

A

the PCT

  • Has a brush border to increase surface
  • Most absorption occurs here
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11
Q

Loop of Henle has two segments, … & ….

A

thick & thin

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12
Q

The major function of DCT is …..

A

to reabsorb Na & Cl

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13
Q

The collecting tubule is two parts, ….. & …..

A

arched & straight

* The straight passes through the medullary rays (p. 31 Y)

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14
Q

Myoepithelial cells are ……

A

muscle like cells, but they’re ectodermal in origin

* Also called basket cells

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15
Q

Macula densa cells are found in …….., and function is …..

A

wall of the DCT
detects NaCl level
* Low NaCl causes renin release by juxtaglomerular cells

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16
Q

Polkissen cells function is ..

A

measure blood flow in the afferent & efferent arterioles

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17
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus comprises the following ……..

A
  1. Juxtaglomerular cells
  2. Macula densa
  3. Polkissen cells
  4. afferent arterioles
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18
Q

After leaving the glomerulus, the efferent arterioles are divided into …….

A

peritubular arterioles

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19
Q

The wall of the ureter is 3 layers, …….

A

mucosa, muscularis, adventitia

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20
Q

The renal cortex contains ……..

A

the glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, PCT & DCT

* The collecting ducts & Henle is in the medulla. They open in papilla in minor calyces

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21
Q

The left renal vein receives …….. before draining into the IVC

A

left suprarenal vein, left gonadal vein, left inferior phrenic vein & hemiazygos vein

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22
Q

Lymph of the kidney drains into …….

A

the lumbar nodes

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23
Q

Sex differentiation starts at …….

A

7th week of development

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24
Q

Seminiferous tubules are ……

A

extensions of the testis cords that remain solid until puberty
* Connected to straight tubules

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25
Q

The testes begin its descend into the scrotum by ……

A

the 7th month

* By birth, it arrives

26
Q

Ultimately, testis cords will give rise to ……….

A

seminiferous tubules
straight tubules
rete testis
efferent ductules

27
Q

Tunica albuginea is ……..

A

the C.T capsule of the testis & ovaries

28
Q

Seminal vesicles are formed by ……, while the prostate is formed by …….

A

evagination in Vas deferens (ductus deferens)

urethra

29
Q

Vas deferens ends in ……..

A

the ejaculatory duct (just before the prostate)

30
Q

When the effect of SRY segment of Y chromosome is absent, what will happen?

A
  1. Sex cords degenerate, allowing cortical cords to take place
  2. Mullerian duct will not degenerate, forming upper vagina, uterus & oviduct later
  3. Phallus won’t grow, and the labioscrotal area don’t fuse (like males)
31
Q

Spermatogonia & Oogonia are …..

A

terms for the primary germ cells once differentiation of sex take place
* Oogonia, after mitosis, will give rise to primary oocyte

32
Q

In females, two invaginations in the posterior wall of urogenital sinus are called ……., and will form ……

A

sinovaginal bulbs

lower 2/3 of the vagina

33
Q

First meiotic division is different from mitosis in ……..

A

there is no separation of the sister chromatids, but in the homologus chromosomes

34
Q

The vacuoles in the spermatid are fused to form …….

A

acrosomal cap

35
Q

Under the effect of LH, Lyedig cells produce …..

A

male testosterone and 80% of total estroge (the rest by adrenal cortex)

36
Q

The epithelium of efferent ductules is ……

A

pseudostratified

37
Q

The epididymis is ….. in length

A

6 meter

38
Q

Sperm storage occurs in ………

A

efferent ductules, epididymis, and proximal ductus deferens

39
Q

Seminal vesicles are ……

A

convoluted sacs near the ampulla of vas deferens

40
Q

Bulbourethral glands are ………

A

small glands, the closest to the base of the penile urethra

* Also called Cowper’s glands

41
Q

The penile erectile tissue is called ……

A

dorsally, corpora cavernosa (two)

ventrally, corpus spongiosum (one, surround the urethra, terminates in glans penis)

42
Q

Germinal epithelium is …..

A

a misleading term. A peritoneum layer covering the ovary

* Tunica albuginea is beneath it

43
Q

Primordial follicle is …….

A

the oocyte (primary) surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells

  • inactive reserve. arrested in meiotic prophase I
  • After full maturation (finished meiosis I), it is called primary follicle
44
Q

Secondary follicle is formed when …..

It is surrounded by ……. & …….

A

the primary follicle develops an antrum

  • corona radiata & cumulus oophorus (at one pole)
  • Also called vesicle
45
Q

Zona pellucida is …….

A

a thick membrane beneath corona radiata

46
Q

Graafian follicle is …….

A

the fully matured follicle that bulges out at the ovarian surface

47
Q

Implantation occurs …. days after ovulation

A

6

48
Q

Corpus luteum comprises …… & ……..

A 
theca interna (secretes estrogen)
granulosa lutein (secretes progesterone)
49
Q

…… oocyte is actually the ovum ovulated

A

secondary

  • Later, it is arrested in metaphase of meiosis II until fertilized
  • Net result is one mature ovum & 2 polar bodies
50
Q

The wall of the fallopian tube is ……

A

ciliated columnar mucosa, with muscular layer & serosa

51
Q

Most frequent location for ectopic pregnancy is …..

A

ampulla of fallopian tube

* Note: isthmus is the narrow part of the tube nearest to the uterus

52
Q

What are the layers of the uterus??

A
  1. endometrium (simple columnar ciliated & non ciliated)
  2. myometrium (15 mm thick muscular layer)
  3. perimetrium (part of the broad ligament that covers the uterus)
53
Q

Spiral arteries are ………

A

temporary arteries that supply the endometrium during the luteal cycle

54
Q

The placenta consists of …..

A
  1. fetal portion (chorion & vili)

2. maternal portion (decidua basalis)

55
Q

Lubrication of the vagina is from ……

A 
cervical glands (not from vagina) & vestibular glands (Bartholin)
* Mucosa is stratified squamous epi
56
Q

The mammary gland is composed of …..

A

20 lobes, each one has its own lactifeous duct open at the nipple
* Lactifeous duct lined by stratified squamous epi

57
Q

Protein in milk is released by ….., while lipid by …….

A

merocrine mechanism
apocrine mechanism
* Colostrum has low lipid, high protein & antibodies (IgA)

58
Q

The mammary gland is primed by …..

A

estrogen, progesterone, corticosteriods, and insulin. Only then prolactin can stimulate lactaion

59
Q

After menopause, the mammary gland ….

A

atrophy, with the ducts obliterated

60
Q

The nipple has ……

A

circular smooth muscle cells

61
Q

What is the lymph drainage of the breast?

A

Mostly to the axillary nodes. Medial surface drains into the parasternal nodes

62
Q

Innervation of the breast is by ……

A

intercostal nerves 2-6, with some sympathetic fibers for the areola

Anatomy (10 decks)

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