Cardiovascular

Question 1

To close the ductus arteriorsus, we use …… . To keep it patent, we use …….

Answer 1

prostoglandin inhibitor, like indomethacin

• prostoglandin analogs (like in case of transposition of great vessels, where a patent ductus is beneficial)
• Ductus arteriosus runs between the left pulmonary artery & the aorta

Question 2

In contrast to arteries, veins have more ….. in their layers

Answer 2

collagen

* Arteries have elastin & smooth muscles

Question 3

The thickest layer in veins is ……

Answer 3

the adventitia

Question 4

Describe the layers of large veins

Answer 4

1. intima, surrounded by thin elastic layer
2. media, may or may not be present, contain circular smooth muscles
3. adventitia is the thickest layer, with smooth muscles & longitudinal collagen fibers

Question 5

The mediastinum is divided into upper & lower parts by passing a line through …….

Answer 5

T4

Question 6

The pericardium is ……..

Answer 6

tough double layered membrane, made up of outer fibrous layer, and inner serous layer
* The serous is divided into parietal (fused to fibrous) & visceral (epicardium)

Question 7

What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum?

Answer 7

1. Thoracic aorta
2. Esophagus
3. Thoracic duct
4. Azygos system of veins
5. Sympathetic trunks

Question 8

The azygos vein arise from …….., while the hemiazygos vein arise from …….

Answer 8

posterior aspect of the IVC
left renal vein
* The azygos vein arches over the root of the right lung & drains into the SVC
* The azygos vein receives blood from hemiazygos & other tributaries.

Question 9

The lienorenal ligament contains ……

Answer 9

the tail of the pancreas & splenic A & V

Question 10

What is the order of contents in the posterior mediastinum (from vertebral column forward)?

Answer 10

1. Sympathetic trunks (paravertebral)
2. Thoracic aorta (next to vertebra, on the left)
3. Azygos vein (next to vertebra, on the right)
4. Thoracic duct (front of vertebra, behind esophagus)
5. Rt. recurrent laryngeal N. between esophagus & trachea

Question 11

The SVC is formed by ……. behind …..

Answer 11

Lt. & Rt. brachiocephalic veins
right first costal cartilage
* Originally, from fusion of Rt. anterior cardinal vein & Rt. common cardinal vein

Question 12

The superior border of the heart is formed by …

Answer 12

Rt. & Lt. atria, and the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle

Question 13

Sinus venosus gives rise to ……

Answer 13

1. Rt. horn: forms the sinus venarum (the smooth part of Rt. Atrium. Separated by crista terminalis from the rest of the atrium)
2. Lt. horn: forms the coronary sinus

Question 14

What is the number of pulmonary veins?

Answer 14

4

Question 15

Tuberculae carneae are ……

Answer 15

muscular (myocardial) ridges in the ventricles

Question 16

Dysphagis may be caused by …….

Answer 16

pressure from the left atrium, due to enlargement from mitral insufficiency
* The Lt. atrium is the most posterior wall of the heart, while the Rt. is the most anterior wall

Question 17

The pulmonary infundibulum & aortic vestibule are both derived from ……

Answer 17

bulbus cordis

Question 18

The cardiac plexus is a formed by ……

Answer 18

combination of sympathetic & parasympathetic nerves

Question 19

The abdominal aorta passes the diaphragm at the level of …..

Answer 19

T12 (throught the aortic orifice)

* It ends at L4 (level of common iliac arteries & median sacral artery))

Question 20

The abdominal aorta has three paired visceral branches, which are …….

Answer 20

gonadal, renal, middle suprarenal arteries

Question 21

The abdominal aorta has 5 paired parietal branches, which are ……

Answer 21

1. pair of inf. phrenic arteries

2. 4 pairs of lumbar arteries

Question 22

The IVC begins at the level of …….

It passes the diaphragm at the level of …..

Answer 22

L5 (from union of common iliac veins)

T8 (through the caval orifice)

Question 23

Right gonadal vein drains into …….., while the left drains into …….

Answer 23

IVC
left renal vein
* The same goes for the Rt. & Lt. suprarenal veins
* Left renal vein is longer than the right

Question 24

Hepatic veins are two groups, upper which drains ……., and lower which drains …..

Answer 24

left lobe & quadrate (three in number)

right lobe & caudate

Question 25

The accessory azygos veins drain ….

Answer 25

T5 - T8